Spherical Coverage Characterization of 5G Millimeter Wave User Equipment With 3GPP Specifications

Zhao, Kun; Zhang, Shuai; Ho, Zuleita; Zander, Olof; Bolin, Thomas; Ying, Zhinong; Pedersen, Gert Frølund

doi:10.1109/access.2018.2888981

Cited by 61 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…1 if the condition in the argument is satisfied and 0 otherwise. This definition is similar to the one of spherical coverage or coverage efficiency, being recently used to evaluate mobile terminal performance and user blockage effects in millimeter-wave communications [26], [27], [42]. The cosine term in (6) follows from the determinant of the Jacobian matrix of the transformation from Cartesian to polar coordinates [43], and accounts for the fact that a uniform elevation angle sampling yields a higher density of samples towards the poles.…”

Section: ) Spherical Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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User Influence on Polarization Characteristics in Off-Body Channels

et al. 2020

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This paper investigates the impact of the user's body on wearable antenna radiation characteristics and the consequent effects on the off-body channel, with the focus on the polarization aspect. The impact on antenna gain and polarization is analyzed for different antenna placements and separations from the body, based on electromagnetic simulations with numerical phantoms at 3, 4 and 5 GHz. Results show a strong influence of the body on the antenna efficiency, gain, and polarization. The excess losses due to body-shadowing suppress the antenna radiation behind the body by more than 20 dB, while its polarization changes from vertical in free space, to an elliptical one when placed on the body. The obtained radiation characteristics are then employed for off-body channel simulations using a geometrybased polarized channel model, which employs an analytic mobility model for wearable antennas based on Fourier series. The antenna rotation due to changes in user's posture is seen as one of the main sources of offbody channel degradation. The polarization mismatch losses imposed by antennas' physical misalignment, are observed to yield periodic fades of the Line-of-Sight component, with more than 30 dB drops in the received power level.

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Section: ) Spherical Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a slight gain improvement in the directions away from the body was also reported [9], [19]. These effects have recently attracted attention in mobile communications at the millimeter-wave band, where studies report a strong distortion of the radiation pattern and reduced coverage efficiency in the body proximity [26]- [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

User Influence on Polarization Characteristics in Off-Body Channels

et al. 2020

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“…Application scenarios in which both sub-6 GHz and above-6 GHz bands (28,37,39,60,(64)(65)(66)(67)(68)(69)(70)(71) are available for 5G cellular and WiFi networks, can be categorized into several representative types, in terms of inherent features, availability, and usage scenarios of these bands, as shown in Table 2. For transmission distance, coverage, infrastructure maturity and cost, UE application challenges are examined correspondingly.…”

Section: B 5g Application Scenarios Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13, eight identical 5G mmWave BFMs for cellular communications would be already tightly packed in the rear housing of a 5G UE (smartphone). Such a distributed placement can assure an excellent and robust spherical coverage cumulative distribution function (CDF) [66], [67]. However, it may be impractical to squeeze in WiGig modules unless several cellular BFMs are replaced with WiGig ones.…”

Section: Cellular and Wifi/wigig Multiplexing And Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling Multi-Functional 5G and Beyond User Equipment: A Survey and Tutorial

Huo

Dong

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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The fifth generation (5G) research and development has been fueled by many new breakthroughs in various areas. The recent progress in carrier aggregation (CA), licensed assisted access (LAA), massive MIMO (MaMi), beamforming techniques, cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS), compressive sensing (CS), machine learning, etc., has provided inspiring and promising approaches to address 5G and beyond challenges. However, at the user equipment (UE) end, limited design budget and hardware resources bring along a series of challenging implementation issues when delivering multi-standard and multi-functional wireless communications. In this paper, we first review recent advances in technical standards and critical enabling techniques, accompanied with several case studies of product developments. After the classification of typical 5G application and deployment scenarios, we propose and analyze a novel hardware reuse and multiplexing solution to facilitate cost-effective and energy-efficient UE design, followed by an investigation of state-of-the-art hardware development from the systems and circuits standpoint. Moreover, wireless UE hardware solutions, UE proof-of-concept (PoC) implementation and field test are proposed and discussed. Finally, the new trends of UE design and terahertz technologies for 5G and beyond applications are investigated and envisioned. LNA

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“…The three subarrays are connected via a switch. A great deal of effort has been exerted on improving antenna characteristics (such as return losses) and on investigating the user effects on the radiation characteristics [7], [12]- [15] and spherical coverage [16]. However, almost all of the mmWave handset works simply present isolation values without careful investigation of the mutual coupling effect for 5G mmWave communications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizations of Mutual Coupling Effects on Switch-Based Phased Array Antennas for 5G Millimeter-Wave Mobile Communications

Chen

Abdullah

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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The fifth generation (5G) millimeter-wave (mmWave) handset demands a cost-effective mmWave array antenna with beam steering capability to overcome the high-pass loss and to ensure seamless connectivity. Unlike sub-6-GHz handsets, emerging mmWave handsets usually employ phased array antennas with a reasonably large number of elements. Unfortunately, due to the legacy of a few antennas in sub-6-GHz handsets, the mutual coupling effect on the mmWave handset has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we study the mutual coupling effect on the mmWave handset performance by comparing array antennas with different inter-element spacing and different configurations. It is found that mutual coupling tends to increase the active reflection (especially at large scanning angles), which in turn reduces the realized gain and maximum scanning angle of the phased array antenna. For a sub-6-GHz multiple-input multiple-output handset with two or four antenna ports and fully digital precoding/decoding, 10-dB isolation is usually regarded as good enough. It is shown in this paper, however, that the outage capacity of the mmWave handset can be clearly improved by reducing the mutual coupling. INDEX TERMS Active reflection, handset array, millimeter-wave (mmWave), multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO), mutual coupling.

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Spherical Coverage Characterization of 5G Millimeter Wave User Equipment With 3GPP Specifications

Cited by 61 publications

References 26 publications

User Influence on Polarization Characteristics in Off-Body Channels

User Influence on Polarization Characteristics in Off-Body Channels

Enabling Multi-Functional 5G and Beyond User Equipment: A Survey and Tutorial

Characterizations of Mutual Coupling Effects on Switch-Based Phased Array Antennas for 5G Millimeter-Wave Mobile Communications

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