Spin Ice State in Frustrated Magnetic Pyrochlore Materials

Bramwell, S. T.; Gingras, Michel J. P.

doi:10.1126/science.1064761

Cited by 1,701 publications

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“…Classical magnetic moments (described by Ising spins) on the pyrochlore lattice can be geometrically frustrated at low temperatures, leading to spin configurations that obey the socalled 'ice rules', a mapping to the proton-disorder problem in water ice 9 . The ice rules result in a large set of degenerate ground states-a classical spin liquid with a finite thermodynamic entropy per spin 10,11 . Two canonical materials, Ho 2 TiO 7 and Dy 2 Ti 2 O 7 , have been demonstrated to manifest spin ice behaviour, and experiments and theory enjoy a healthy dialogue due to the existence of classical microscopic models capable of describing a wide range of experimental phenomena 10 .…”

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“…The ice rules result in a large set of degenerate ground states-a classical spin liquid with a finite thermodynamic entropy per spin 10,11 . Two canonical materials, Ho 2 TiO 7 and Dy 2 Ti 2 O 7 , have been demonstrated to manifest spin ice behaviour, and experiments and theory enjoy a healthy dialogue due to the existence of classical microscopic models capable of describing a wide range of experimental phenomena 10 .…”

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A two-dimensional spin liquid in quantum kagome ice

2015

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Actively sought since the turn of the century, two-dimensional quantum spin liquids (QSLs) are exotic phases of matter where magnetic moments remain disordered even at zero temperature. Despite ongoing searches, QSLs remain elusive, due to a lack of concrete knowledge of the microscopic mechanisms that inhibit magnetic order in materials. Here we study a model for a broad class of frustrated magnetic rare-earth pyrochlore materials called quantum spin ices. When subject to an external magnetic field along the [111] crystallographic direction, the resulting interactions contain a mix of geometric frustration and quantum fluctuations in decoupled two-dimensional kagome planes. Using quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we identify a set of interactions sufficient to promote a groundstate with no magnetic long-range order, and a gap to excitations, consistent with a Z 2 spin liquid phase. This suggests an experimental procedure to search for two-dimensional QSLs within a class of pyrochlore quantum spin ice materials.

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A two-dimensional spin liquid in quantum kagome ice

2015

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“…In Dy 2 Ti 2 O 7 and Ho 2 Ti 2 O 7 the spins' directionality and effective ferromagnetic interactions produce Ising-like spins leading to spin ice characteristics, where the orientations of the spins are analogous to the H positions in ice. 10,11,12,1314,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22 We characterized the sample structures through x-ray powder diffraction data using CuKα radiation and a diffracted beam monochromater. Structural refinements were made using the Bruker AXS software package TOPAS 2.1 © operated with a Pseudo-Voight TCHZ fitting profile.…”

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Geometrical magnetic frustration in rare-earth chalcogenide spinels

et al. 2005

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We have characterized the magnetic and structural properties of the CdLn 2 Se 4 (Ln = Dy, Ho), and CdLn 2 S 4 (Ln = Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) spinels. We observe all compounds to be normal spinels, possessing a geometrically frustrated sublattice of lanthanide atoms with no observable structural disorder. Fits to the high temperature magnetic susceptibilities indicate these materials to have effective antiferromagnetic interactions, with Curie-Weiss temperatures Θ W ~ -10 K, except CdYb 2 S 4 for which Θ W ~ -40 K. The absence of magnetic long range order or glassiness above T = 1.8 K strongly suggests that these materials are a new venue in which to study the effects of strong geometrical frustration, potentially as rich in new physical phenomena as that of the pyrochlore oxides. 1The geometry of the lanthanide ion sublattice in the pyrochlore structure is an array of corner sharing tetrahedra based on kagomé planes that connect via triangular layers. This arrangement of spins can show geometric frustration, such that no long range magnetic ordering occurs, even at low temperatures. 1,2 The magnetic behavior of the Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 pyrochlores is widely studied, and, despite weak coupling between structural and magnetic degrees of freedom, the rare earth pyrochlores exhibit a particularly rich range of magnetic behavior due to a balance between dipole interactions, single ion anisotropy, and exchange couplings. 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Many of these materials possess strong crystal fields causing highly anisotropic spin states. In Dy 2 Ti 2 O 7 and Ho 2 Ti 2 O 7 the spins' directionality and effective ferromagnetic interactions produce Ising-like spins leading to spin ice characteristics, where the orientations of the spins are analogous to the H positions in ice. 10,11,12,1314,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22 We characterized the sample structures through x-ray powder diffraction data using CuKα radiation and a diffracted beam monochromater. Structural refinements were made using the Bruker AXS software package TOPAS 2.1 © operated with a Pseudo-Voight TCHZ fitting profile. Refined parameters include: zero corrections; sample displacement; scaling factors; cell dimensions; atomic positional coordinates; and 3 thermal parameters (B eq ). We measured the d.c. magnetic susceptibility with a SQUID magnetometer (Quantum Design MPMS) on cooling over T = 290 -2 K in an applied field of H = 0.1 T. We also performed measurements of a.c. magnetic susceptibility using the ACMS option for a Quantum Design PPMS cryostat. This instrument also gives d.c. magnetization measurements in fields up to 9 tesla using an extraction method.Curie-Weiss fits to the d.c. susceptibility data performed over T = 80 -270 K, with the exception of CdYb 2 S 4 , where fits were performed between T = 250 -350 K. The applied field dependence of the magnetization was measured at selected temperatures for all materials up to a field of 7 Tesla.Structure refinement shows all samples to be normal spinels with lattice parameters similar to those found previously 32,35,36 . ...

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“…Typical example is a spin ice state, which was first found in Dy or Ho pyrochlores [2][3][4]. In these compounds, a magnetic moment has a strong Ising anisotropy pointing along the 111 direction of each tetrahedron and the size of moment is so large (∼ 10µ B ) that the ferromagnetic coupling carried by dipolar interactions dominates the magnetic behavior.…”

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Magnetic and Thermal Properties of the Single Crystalline Pr₂Zr₂O₇ in a [111] Field

Kimura¹,

Nakatsuji²

2014

Proceedings of the International Conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SCES2013)

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We report the experimental results of magnetic and thermal properties of the single crystalline pyrochlore magnet Pr 2 Zr 2 O 7 , a new class of spin ice system based on exchange interactions. Under zero magnetic field, specific heat shows a broad peak around 1.5 K, associated with the spin ice formation. Under the field of 9 T along the [111] direction, on the other hand, the specific heat forms two broad peaks at temperatures of 3 K and 10 K. These peaks are attributable to the different size of Zeeman splittings of spins on a kagomé and triangular planes with the assumption of the large Ising anisotropy along the [111] direction. Quantum fluctuations in this system are also discussed based on the specific heat data.

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Spin Ice State in Frustrated Magnetic Pyrochlore Materials

Cited by 1,701 publications

References 58 publications

A two-dimensional spin liquid in quantum kagome ice

A two-dimensional spin liquid in quantum kagome ice

Geometrical magnetic frustration in rare-earth chalcogenide spinels

Magnetic and Thermal Properties of the Single Crystalline Pr₂Zr₂O₇ in a [111] Field

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Spin Ice State in Frustrated Magnetic Pyrochlore Materials

Cited by 1,701 publications

References 58 publications

A two-dimensional spin liquid in quantum kagome ice

A two-dimensional spin liquid in quantum kagome ice

Geometrical magnetic frustration in rare-earth chalcogenide spinels

Magnetic and Thermal Properties of the Single Crystalline Pr2Zr2O7 in a [111] Field

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Magnetic and Thermal Properties of the Single Crystalline Pr₂Zr₂O₇ in a [111] Field