Spore liberation in mosses revisited

Gallenmüller, Friederike; Langer, Max; Poppinga, Simon; Kassemeyer, Hanns-Heinz; Speck, Thomas

doi:10.1093/aobpla/plx075

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Hygroscopic (i.e., humidity-driven) movements can be found across the Plant Kingdom, often being associated with the dispersal of seeds and spores. This includes, for example, the opening and closing of pinecones [37], [38] and silver thistle bracts [39], the dispersal of spores in mosses [40], the penetration of seeds into soil [41], and the opening of seedpods [42], [43]. Hygroscopic movements rely on dead cells, whose swelling/deswelling behavior is dictated by cellulose microfibril orientation in their cell walls [44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Force generation in the coiling tendrils ofPassiflora caerulea

Klimm

Speck

Thielen

2023

Preprint

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Tendrils of climbing plants coil along their length and thus form a striking helical spring and generate tensional forces. We have found that, for tendrils of the passion flowerPassiflora caerulea, the generated force lies in the range of 6-140 mN, which is sufficient to lash the plant tightly to its substrate. Further, we revealed that the generated force strongly correlates with the water status of the plant. By combining force measurements with anatomical investigations and dehydration-rehydration experiments on both entire tendril segments and isolated lignified tissues, we are able to propose a two-phasic principle of spring formation: First, during the free coiling phase, the tendril coiling is based on the active contraction of a fiber ribbon in interaction with the surrounding parenchyma as resistance layer. Second, in a stabilization phase, the entire center of the coiled tendril lignifies, stiffening the spring and securing its function independent of hydration status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Force generation in the coiling tendrils ofPassiflora caerulea

Klimm

Speck

Thielen

2023

Preprint

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“…2). Bryophytes are known to release spores under desiccated conditions by capsule opening (Gallenmüller et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lack of taxondependent tendencies for release of plant particles suggests that the majority of plant species are not specifically dependent on or involved in precipitation. Indeed, most plants and bryophytes (mosses) release pollen or spores by anther or capsule opening under dehydrated conditions (Firon et al, 2012;Gallenmüller et al, 2017). This general xerophytic nature of pollen dispersal might partially explain why plants were not generally involved in precipitation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant assemblages in atmospheric deposition

Dong¹,

Woo²,

Yamamoto³

2019

Preprint

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Plants disperse spores, pollen, and fragments into the atmosphere. The emitted plant particles return to the pedosphere by sedimentation (dry deposition) and/or by precipitation (wet deposition) and constitute part of the global cycle of substances. However, little is known regarding the taxonomic diversities and flux densities of plant particles deposited from the atmosphere. Here, plant assemblages were examined in atmospheric deposits collected in Seoul in South Korea. A custom-made automatic sampler was used to collect dry and wet deposition samples for which plant assemblages and quantities were determined using high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR with universal plant-specific primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Dry deposition was dominant for atmospheric deposition of plant particles (87&#8201;%). The remaining 13&#8201;% was deposited by precipitation, i.e., wet deposition, via rainout (in-cloud scavenging) and/or washout (below-cloud scavenging). Plant assemblage structures did not differ significantly between dry and wet deposition, indicating that washout, which is likely taxon-independent, predominated rainout, which is likely taxon-dependent, for wet deposition of atmospheric plant particles. A small number of plant genera were detected only in wet deposition, indicating that they might be specifically involved in precipitation through acting as nucleation sites in the atmosphere. Future interannual monitoring will control for the seasonality of atmospheric plant assemblages observed at our sampling site. Future global monitoring is also proposed to investigate geographical differences and investigate whether endemic species are involved in plant-mediated bioprecipitation in regional ecological systems.</p>

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“…Light microscope images are also used in the identification of the shapes and water‐absorbing abilities of some cells involved in these rapid movements (Taylor et al, 2006 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ). In non‐flowering plants, light microscopy has allowed for more detailed observation of the dehiscence of moss and liverwort sporophyte capsules (Gallenmüller et al, 2018 ; Duckett and Pressel, 2019 ) and has elucidated the importance of gas bubbles and cavitation in the dispersal of fern spores (Hovenkamp et al, 2009 ; Poppinga et al, 2015 ). Basic histology and light microscopy are still essential for understanding gametophyte dispersal and for highlighting regions needing further investigation of ultrastructure.…”

Section: Microscopy and Ultrastructurementioning

confidence: 99%

High‐speed video and plant ultrastructure define mechanisms of gametophyte dispersal

et al. 2022

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Dispersal of gametophytes is critical for land plant survivorship and reproduction. It defines potential colonization and geographical distribution as well as genetic mixing and evolution. C. T. Ingold's classic works on Spore Discharge in Land Plants and Spore Liberation review mechanisms for spore release and dispersal based on real‐time observations, basic histology, and light microscopy. Many mechanisms underlying spore liberation are explosive and have evolved independently multiple times. These mechanisms involve physiological processes such as water gain and loss, coupled with structural features using different plant tissues. Here we review how high‐speed video and analyses of ultrastructure have defined new biomechanical mechanisms for the dispersal of gametophytes through the dissemination of haploid diaspores, including spores, pollen, and asexual reproductive propagules. This comparative review highlights the diversity and importance of rapid movements in plants for dispersing gametophytes and considerations for using combinations of high‐speed video methods and microscopic techniques to understand these dispersal movements. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is crucial not only for understanding gametophyte ecology but also for applied engineering and biomimetic applications used in human technologies.

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Spore liberation in mosses revisited

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Force generation in the coiling tendrils ofPassiflora caerulea

Force generation in the coiling tendrils ofPassiflora caerulea

Plant assemblages in atmospheric deposition

High‐speed video and plant ultrastructure define mechanisms of gametophyte dispersal

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