Spot Refractive Screening With or Without Maximum Atropine Cycloplegia in Preschool Chinese Children

Liu, Xinli; Feng, Jingjing; Wang, Lihua; Tong, Huan; Chen, Wei

doi:10.3928/01913913-20210128-01

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The difference would also increase with increasing hyperopia. ( Doherty et al, 2019 ; Liu et al, 2021 ) As anterior segment changes are correlated with SE changes, greater SE changes may lead to greater anterior segment changes. For another thing, tropicamide may have weaker cycloplegic effects on hyperopic eyes compared to other mydriatics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of 0.5% Tropicamide on Anterior Segment Parameters With CASIA2 in Emmetropic, Myopic, and Hyperopic Eyes

et al. 2022

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Aim: To evaluate the effects of 0.5% tropicamide on anterior segment parameters with the CASIA2 imaging device in emmetropic, myopic, and hyperopic eyes.Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 125 subjects (34 emmetropic subjects, 57 myopic subjects, and 34 hyperopic subjects) at the Shanghai Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University were recruited from June 2021 to September 2021. The 0.5% tropicamide solution was used once every 5 min a total of 5 times for cycloplegia. The anterior segment parameters were recorded by CASIA2 before and after cycloplegia. Changes in anterior segment parameters were compared among the three refractive groups.Results: Crystalline lens rise (CLR) and crystalline lens thickness (CLT) significantly decreased in all three refractive groups after cycloplegia (all p < 0.01). The anterior radius of lens (ARL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) significantly increased in all three refractive groups after cycloplegia (all p < 0.01). Posterior radius of lens (PRL) significantly increased in hyperopic eyes after cycloplegia (p < 0.01) while it remained unchanged in emmetropic eyes and myopic eyes. Central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber width (ACW), lens decentration (LD), and lens tilt (LT) remained unchanged after cycloplegia in all three refractive groups (all p > 0.05). Changes in CLR, CLT, ARL, PRL, and ACD in hyperopic eyes were greater than those in emmetropic eyes and myopic eyes (all p < 0.05).Conclusion: Apart from various changes in anterior segment parameters after application by 0.5% tropicamide in all three refractive groups, significant changes in CLR, CLT, ARL, PRL, and ACD in hyperopic eyes should be noted for proper clinical interpretation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of 0.5% Tropicamide on Anterior Segment Parameters With CASIA2 in Emmetropic, Myopic, and Hyperopic Eyes

et al. 2022

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“…If the difference between any of two readings from an eye was >0.5 diopters (D), re-measurement was conducted for that eye. Cylinder values and interocular difference of spherical equivalent were used for analysis of astigmatism and anisometropia, respectively, since it has been reported that astigmatism has no significant association with cycloplegia ( 8 ), and that Spot Vision Screener was efficient in detecting anisometropia ( 10 ). Besides, corneal light reflex and cover-uncover tests, near and at a distance, to detect strabismus, as well as slit-lamp examination to examine the eyelids, cornea, and lens, were conducted.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Visual Impairment in Preschool Children in Southern China

Wang

Qiu

Yin

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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PurposeThe goal of this study is to assess the prevalence and distribution of visual impairment in preschool children in southern China.MethodsPreschool children aged 36–83 months were enrolled in a vision screening program in Shantou City. Visual acuity test and non-cycloplegic refraction were conducted. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) guidelines, visual impairment was defined as uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) in either eye <20/50, 20/40, and 20/32 in children aged 36–47, 48–59, and 60–83 months, respectively, as well as an interocular difference (IOD) of ≥ two lines of UCVA.ResultsThe UCVA test was successfully performed on 7,880 children (94.6% of the enrolled population). A total of 938 (11.9%; 95% CI 11.2–12.6) children were found to have reduced UCVA in the worse eye, and 393 (5%; 95% CI 4.5–5.5) of the children had an IOD of two or more lines. Combining the reduced UCVA with the IOD criteria identified 1,032 (13.1%; 95% CI 12.4–13.8) children with visual impairment. UCVA in preschool children improves with age naturally and boys have slightly better age-adjusted UCVA than girls. Causes of reduced visual acuity included uncorrected refractive error, amblyopia, congenital cataract, and others. The cylindrical diopter in the right eye of children with reduced vison was higher than that of children with normal vision (1.19 ± 1.05 vs. 0.52 ± 0.49, P < 0.001). A total of 146 (1.9%, 95% CI 1.6–2.2) of the preschool children wore spectacles. The proportion of wearing spectacles increased with age (χ2 = 35.714, P < 0.001), but with IOD increasing by.1 logMAR, the odds of wearing spectacles decreased by 44.8%.ConclusionThis study provided data on the prevalence of visual impairment in preschool children in China by large-scale school-based vision screening. Further studies should be conducted to verify the benefit from vision screening.

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“…com) is a device that is often used for screening refractive errors without cycloplegia, 7,8 although it may underestimate spherical hyperopia. 9 Errors in screening refractive errors are larger in children with higher amounts of hyperopia, where differences of up to 4.00 D may be found. 9,10 Therefore, it is particularly important to evaluate the error in data derived from communitybased screening without cycloplegia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Errors in screening refractive errors are larger in children with higher amounts of hyperopia, where differences of up to 4.00 D may be found. 9,10 Therefore, it is particularly important to evaluate the error in data derived from communitybased screening without cycloplegia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Spot Vision Screener was used for children aged 0-4 years in this study, serving as a handheld, portable screening tool designed to detect vision issues including amblyopia quickly and easily. However, numerous studies9,10 haveF I G U R E 6 The prevalence of significant refractive error in children aged 5-8 years. (a) Prevalence of children with significant refractive error.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of refractive development in children aged 4 months to 8 years in urban China: A retrospective screening analysis

Yan,

Xia,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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PurposeTo conduct a large retrospective study of screening refractive error in young children.MethodsThis retrospective study included children aged from 4 months to 8 years in Daxing District, Beijing, who underwent refractive examinations without cycloplegia. It included a cross‐sectional assessment of refractive error screening for all children, and a longitudinal component for a subgroup with data available for two to five visits.ResultsA total of 14,987 children were included in the cross‐sectional study. In the group <1 year of age, the percentage of children with a spherical equivalent (SE) >+2.00 D or with cylinder <−1.50 D was 15.25% and 33.24%, respectively. These were significantly higher than for the 1‐ to 4‐year‐old group (SE 8.1% higher, cylinder 13.2% higher) (χ2 = 53.57, p < 0.001; χ2 = 790.39, p < 0.001). Furthermore, 34.83% of children in the 0‐year‐old group had amblyopia risk factors (ARFs). In the 4‐year‐old group, boys had a significantly longer axial length (AL) than girls (differences in the right and left eyes were 0.53 and 0.56 mm, respectively; z = 5.48 p < 0.001, z = 5.80, p < 0.001). AL increased with age, while the AL difference between boys and girls remained stable at 4–8 years of age. The percentage of children aged 5–8 years with myopia in 2020–2021 was significantly higher than that in 2018–2019 (H = 12.44, p = 0.006). In the longitudinal study of 4406 children (up to 12‐month follow‐up), annual changes in SE were −0.27, −0.06, 0.19 and 0.13 D between 0 and 3 years, and −0.38, −0.58, −0.70 and −0.75 D between 5 and 8 years.ConclusionsChildren's refractive error varied significantly from ages 4 months to 1 year, with a high proportion having ARFs. Children aged 5–8 years showed a trend towards myopia. The prevalence of myopia in the cross‐sectional analysis in 2020–2021 was greater than in 2018–2019. Screening refraction changed minimally over a 12‐month period for children aged 1–3 years, but became more myopic for children aged 5–8 years.

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Spot Refractive Screening With or Without Maximum Atropine Cycloplegia in Preschool Chinese Children

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

The Influence of 0.5% Tropicamide on Anterior Segment Parameters With CASIA2 in Emmetropic, Myopic, and Hyperopic Eyes

The Influence of 0.5% Tropicamide on Anterior Segment Parameters With CASIA2 in Emmetropic, Myopic, and Hyperopic Eyes

Prevalence of Visual Impairment in Preschool Children in Southern China

Characteristics of refractive development in children aged 4 months to 8 years in urban China: A retrospective screening analysis

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