Square Wave Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of the Anticancer Drugs Flutamide and Irinotecan in Biological Fluids Using Renewable Pencil Graphite Electrodes

Abstract

1IntroductionThea ntitumoral activity of flutamide {2-methyl-N-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoro methyl) phenyl] propanamide}( Flu) and irinotecan {7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)1-piperidino] carbonyloxy-camptothecin} (Irino)( Scheme 1) against certain types of cancers was previously reported.Flutamide seems to have antiandrogenics pecificity only in androgend ependentg enitalia organs,a nd its therapeuticu se is in prostatic cancer [1][2][3][4].A sf lutamide has as tructure similar to testosterone,i tw orksb ya ttaching itself to the receptors on the surface of the cancer cells to block and prevent the attachment of the male hormone [5].I rinotecan is one of the key drugs of anticancer chemotherapy,e specially for the treatment of colorectal and lung tumors as well as other types of cancers [6,7].T he large scale therapeutic use of Flu and Irino generated the need for the development of fast, simple accuratem ethodologies for detection and quality control for both drugs in biological fluids. In this context methods reporting the determinationo fFlu and Irino include chromatography ,s pectrophotometry [31-35],s pectrofluorimetry [36] and few electrochemical methods [37][38][39][40][41][42][43].P olarographicr eduction of Flu was performed at ad ropping mercurye lectrode usingd irect currentp olarographya nd differential pulse polarography [37,38,40].L inear sweep and square waveforms were optimized for the determination of Flu based on the reduction of its nitro aromatic moiety at the hanging mercury drop electrode [39].D etermination of Flu ins urfactant containingm edia at polymer filmm odified carbon paste electrodes usingd ifferential pulsev oltammetryw as reported [41].E lectroanalytical determination of Irino was achieved using fast Fourier transform continuous cyclic voltammetry at gold microelectrodes in aflow system [42].V oltammetric determination of Irino at polymethylene blue multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbone lectrode was reported as well [43].T ot he best of our knowledge,t he controlled adsorptive accumulationo fF lu or Irino on the surface of pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) for square wave cathodic adsorptive stripping determinationw as not reported yet. In view of the biological importance of Flu and Irino, this work aims on the development of as imple and sensiAbstract:Asensitive electrochemical method based on square wave cathodic adsorptive strippingv oltammetry (SWCASV) using pencil graphite electrodes( PGE)w as developed for the individual and simultaneous determination of the anticancer drugs flutamide( Flu)a nd irinotecan (Irino) in biological fluids.C alibration curves showed an excellent linear response with limitso fd etection of 1.68 10 À9 and 1.55 10 À8 MI rino and Flu,r espectively. Thes tatistical evaluation of within-day repeatability (n = 5) and day to day precision (n = 5) showed satisfactory accuracy and precision. SWCASV using aPGE for individual and simultaneous determination of both drugs in bulk form, human urine and serums amples was demonstrated.

Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

“…The LD and limit of quantification (LQ) of dantrolene sodium obtained at PGE (0.052 and 0.158 μ g·mL −1 ) and GCE (0.095 and 0.289 μ g/mL) [ 48 ] indicate a more sensitive determination on PGE. Other proofs of the high sensitivity of the voltammetric determinations using PGE as working electrode are the low LDs and LQs values recorded for flutamide (1.55 · 10 −8 M and 5.16 · 10 −8 M), irinotecan (1.68 · 10 −9 and 5.69 · 10 −9 M) [ 49 ], capsaicin (3.7 · 10 −9 M and 1.2 · 10 −8 M), dihydrocapsaicin (9.1 · 10 −10 M and 3.0 · 10 −9 M) [ 25 ], and paclitaxel (2.46 · 10 −9 M and 8.23 · 10 −9 M) [ 26 ], respectively.…”

A facile graphene oxide based sensor for electrochemical detection of prostate anti-cancer (anti-testosterone) drug flutamide in biological samples

“…In addition to this, a comparison of the proposed sensor with other reported methods (including electrochemical methods) for the detection of utamide has also been carried out, and the results are summarized in Table S1. † [40][41][42][43][44][45] Compared to other electrochemical methods, the proposed method demonstrated higher sensitivity, wide linear response range, lower LOD and very simple electrode fabrication process. Moreover, the proposed sensor was applied in real samples such as in rat brain, kidney and human blood serum samples.…”

Determination of flutamide and two major metabolites using HPLC–DAD and HPTLC methods

“…Other methods were published for determination of Flutamide including electrochemical [ 2 , 9 , 10 ], different spectrophotometric [ 2 , 8 , 11 – 14 ], spectrofluorimetric [ 15 ], and different chromatographic methods [ 2 , 3 , 16 – 20 ].…”