Square-wave voltammetric techniques for determination of psychoactive 1,4-benzodiazepine drugs

Santos, Margarida M. Correia dos; Famila, Vila; Gonçalves, Maria Eduarda

doi:10.1007/s00216-002-1535-0

Cited by 56 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Electrochemical methods are advantageous in comparison with separation methods (HPLC and CE). This is because they allow the measurement of a sample without the total solubilization and exhaustive filtration steps that are necessary for the separation of insoluble excipients, as for HPLC and CE [48,50]. Furthermore, voltammetric methods are advantageous with respect to the low cost of instrumentation and the short analysis time [1,48].…”

Section: Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the electrochemical methods, voltammetry is the most often utilized technique for the analysis of phytotherapeutic adulteration [1,48,50]. Voltammetric methods enable the sensitive and selective measurement of organic compounds based on their specific electrochemical behavior at the working electrode surface [1,48].…”

Section: Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations and their analytical determination

Carvalho

Martini

Moreira

et al. 2011

Forensic Science International

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Section: Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations and their analytical determination

Carvalho

Martini

Moreira

et al. 2011

Forensic Science International

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“…Additionally, solutions resulting from solubilisation of the tablets and capsules did not need to be filtered exaustively before voltammetric determinations, which can be even performed in the presence of particulate matter. 13 The voltammograms in Figure 5 show the determination of amfepramone in two pharmaceutical formulations employing the electrolyte systems studied in this work. Five replicate determinations in three different formulations gave average results, which are shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Analytical Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, solutions resulting from solubilization of tablets or capsules do not need to be filtered exhaustively before voltammetric determinations, which can be performed in the presence of particulate matter. 13 This is a further advantage of voltammetric methods compared with either spectroscopic or liquid chromatographic procedures, where the samples must be filtered until the complete separation of the insoluble excipients. This paper describes a systematic study of the voltammetric behavior of amfepramone at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) by cyclic (CV) and alternating current (AC) voltammetric methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltammetric behavior of amfepramone (diethylpropion) at the hanging mercury drop electrode and its analytical determination in pharmaceutical formulations

Carvalho¹,

Nascimento²,

Bohrer³

et al. 2007

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Este trabalho descreve um estudo sistemático do comportamento voltamétrico da anfepramona no eletrodo de mercúrio de gota pendente (HMDE) por voltametria cíclica (CV) e voltametria de corrente alternada (AC). Os estudos mostraram o comportamento adsortivo da anfepramona no HMDE e foram realizados em soluções de H 2 SO 4 0,1 mol L -1 (pH 1.0) e tampão de Ringer (pH 11,0) como eletrólito suporte. A faixa linear para a determinação de anfepramona por voltametria de pulso diferencial de varredura linear (DPV) foi de 0,05 a 2,0 mg L -1 (r = 0,998) em meio ácido e de 0,25 a 4,0 mg L -1 (r = 0,994) em meio alcalino. Os desvios padrão relativos calculados para 5 medidas de anfepramona 0,5 mg L -1 em meio ácido e meio alcalino foram de 2,5 e 4,0%, respectivamente. Os limites de detecção calculados para a determinação de enfepramona em meio ácido e meio alcalino foram de 0,035 e 0,18 mg L -1 , respectivamente. As metodologias foram aplicadas para a determinação de anfepramona por DPV em cápsulas e comprimidos de formulações farmacêuticas usadas no tratamento da obesidade. Os valores de recuperação entre 90,0 e 101,0% para anfepramona adicionada a misturas sintéticas contendo femproporex, mazindol, sibutramina, fluoxetina, cafeína, diazepan e metformina provam a aplicabilidade do método para a sua determinação na presença de outras drogas normalmente adicionadas de forma ilegal a formulações farmacêuticas comercializadas como medicamentos naturais.This paper describes a systematic study of the voltammetric behavior of amfepramone at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) by cyclic (CV) and alternating current (AC) voltammetric methods. The studies showed the adsorptive behavior of amfepramone at the HMDE and were performed in H 2 SO 4 0.1 mol L -1 (pH 1.0) and Ringer buffer (pH 11.0) as supporting electrolytes. The linear range for the amfepramone determination by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was 0.05 to 2.0 mg L -1 (r = 0.998) in acidic medium and 0.25 to 4.0 mg L -1 (r = 0.994) in alkaline medium. The relative standard deviation calculated was 2.5% and 4.0 % for five measurements of 0.5 mg L -1 amfepramone in acidic and alkaline medium, respectively. The detection limits calculated for the amfepramone determination in acidic and alkaline medium were 0.035 e 0.18 mg L -1 , respectively. The methods were applied for the determination of amfepramone by DPV in tablets and capsules of pharmaceutical formulations used in the treatment of obesity. Recoveries values ranging from 90.0 to 101.0% for amfepramone added to synthetic mixtures containing fenproporex, mazindol, sibutramine, fluoxetine, caffeine, diazepam, and metformin as interferents prove the applicability of the method for its determination in the presence of other drugs normally added illegally to pharmaceutical formulations commercialized as natural medicaments. Keywords IntroductionThe abusive use of anorexics has grown lately, mainly because of its use in the treatment of obesity. The consumption of anorexics in Brazil is approximately 23.6 tons per y...

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“…Squarewave voltammetric studies at hanging mercury drop electrodes for the determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines over a wide range of concentrations have been conducted. 17 Husain et al have studied the differential pulse polarograms of CHL and DIA in 0.1 M KCl in 50% ethanol as a supporting electrolyte, and tried to estimate their levels quantitatively in toddy. 18 A micellar liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of benzodiazepines in serum has been reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of the Adulteration of Traditional Alcoholic Beverages by the Separation and Determination of Alprazolam, Chloralhydrate and Diazepam Using Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

et al. 2004

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Food is essential not only for the sustenance of life, but also for the maintenance of good health. However, contaminated or adulterated food is a major source of human illness, and results in a serious loss of nutrition. 1 Thus, the quality and safety of food assumes great significance in the promotion of optimum health. Toddy is one of the alcoholic drinks traditionally prepared by the fermentation of sap or exudate collected by slicing off the tip of unopened flowers of either a coconut or a palm tree. 2 It is a social and local drink produced and consumed throughout Asia, particularly India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Due to the increase in consumer demand and the shortage of coconut or palm tree, it has often been diluted and adulterated with chemical substances, such as chloral hydrate (CHL), diazepam (DIA) or alprazolam (ALP) belonging to nonbarbiturates and benzodiazepines, respectively. 3,4 These drugs are generally considered to be dangerous when consumed along with alcohol, and have proved to be fatal poisonings according to the recent analysis of forensic toxicological investigations conducted by Koski et al. 5 Further, it was reported that female drinkers are at increased risk to abuse benzodiazepines when compared to men. 6 A case of alprazolam poisoning present with coma and respiratory depression in a young girl was also reported. 7 These psycotropic substances have a sedative action and are added illicitly to toddy to increase its potency. The adulterated toddy is prohibited for consumption under the laws of excise, which necessitates the development of suitable analytical methods for the simultaneous detection and determination of the levels of psycotropic substances in fermented food and alcoholic beverages.Fujiwara test, which gives an intense red color by the action of pyridine in the presence of an alkali, is generally used to identify CHL in toddy. 8-10 A number of assays have shown CHL to be genotoxic 11 and hepato-carcinogenic in male mice. 12Due to its widespread potential for human exposure, US FDA has declared CHL as a priority chemical for an in-depth toxicological evaluation. As a part of this program, a capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection was developed for the determination of CHL and its metabolites in blood plasma of mice and rats. 13 Two liquid-chromatographic methods based on reversed-phase and anion-exchange mechanisms were also reported in the literature. 14 However, both of the methods are preceeded by the derivatization of CHL with dansylhydrazine and o-(4-nitrobenzyl)hydroxylamine, followed by detection using UV and suppressed conductivity detectors. A spot test using Dragendorffs reagent containing bismuth nitrate and potassium iodide in an acetic acid medium produces an orange-red color, indicating the presence of DIA. 15The colorimetric determination of DIA in pharmaceutical preparations was described by Baggi et al. 16 However, these tests are not specific because similar colors are produced by a number of organic compounds containing halogens...

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Square-wave voltammetric techniques for determination of psychoactive 1,4-benzodiazepine drugs

Cited by 56 publications

References 39 publications

Presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations and their analytical determination

Presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations and their analytical determination

Voltammetric behavior of amfepramone (diethylpropion) at the hanging mercury drop electrode and its analytical determination in pharmaceutical formulations

Detection of the Adulteration of Traditional Alcoholic Beverages by the Separation and Determination of Alprazolam, Chloralhydrate and Diazepam Using Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

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