Stability of surface and bulk nanobubbles

Quantifying interfacial tensions of surface nanobubbles: How far can Young's equation explain?

“…14,15 Subsequently, a variety of theories have been proposed to explain them. 1,16 So far, it has been speculated that pinning of their three-phase contact line and local gas oversaturation are essential factors to explain the characteristics, 17,18 which was first proposed by Liu and Zhang in 2013. 19 Indeed, it has been experimentally confirmed that surface nanobubbles are strongly pinned even on atomically flat surfaces.…”

From Bubbles to Nanobubbles

“…The Fine Bubble Industries Association (FBIA) and the Wall Street Journal have shown the business growth of NBs to have been from USD 20 million in 2010 to USD 10 billion in 2020. In the EU, the business is expected to grow from EUR 72 million in 2020 to EUR 145 million in 2030, where 52% of the market will be in the water treatment sector [46,74,75]. In this in In Equation (8), by assuming the growth of the bubble and then shrinkage of the expanded bubble under the same but opposite conditions and for equal time, we get:…”

“…Furthermore, the existence of sNBs has already been proven by atomic force microscopy (AFM) [39][40][41], while the existence of bNBs is indicative but not secured [14,[42][43][44][45]. This doubt is due to the lack of an appropriate experimental method; dynamic light scattering (DLS), which is the prime experimental technique for detecting bNBs, cannot distinguish between bubbles, droplets, or particles [46]. However, the pursue of new techniques in determining both surface and bulk NBs is of vital importance for the advancement of NB technologies and their applications.…”

Stability and Free Radical Production for CO2 and H2 in Air Nanobubbles in Ethanol Aqueous Solution

“…Among many kinds of stabilization models for nanobubbles, Tan et al, 2021 suggested that the charge stabilization model can provide reasonable and consistent explanations [15].…”

“…The direct arrangement of ethanol molecules can be induced by these interfaces owing to the amphiphilic properties of ethanol molecules and the stabilization of bulk nanobubbles [13,14]. Tan et al, 2021 reported the surface and bulk nanobubbles, and they were thermodynamically stable [15]. Chen et al, 2021 reported that, in the air bubble composition in the ethanol aqueous solution, ethanol molecules were preferentially oriented at the ethanal-water interface, and their orientation apparently did not vary with alcohol concentration, while water molecules were arranged to maximize the hydrogen bonding between the oriented alcohol and the adjacent water molecules [16].…”