Stabilization ponds: Design and operation

Ellis, K. V.; Mara, D. D.

doi:10.1080/10643388309381703

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Since the 1960s, many optical measurement methods [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] were invented, such as the diffraction optical method. The accuracy measurement of computer numerical controls ͑CNCs͒ and machining centers is a crucial part for machine tool manufacturer and industry which could be used to monitor and improve the machine tool accuracy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A high-precision five-degree-of-freedom measurement system based on laser collimator and interferometry techniques

Kuang

Hong

2007

Review of Scientific Instruments

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A novel sensitivity improving method for simultaneously measuring five-degree-of-freedom errors of a moving linear stage is proposed based on collimator and interferometry techniques. The measuring principle and parameters of the system are analyzed theoretically. The experimental results proved that the resolution of the linear displacement of the proposed method has twice that of the current linear interferometer, and the resolutions of the two-dimensional straightness error measurement can be improved by a factor of 8 compared with the movement of the retroreflector itself by using multireflection and lens magnification. The resolutions of the pitch and yaw angular error measurement have been improved by a factor of 10 compared with the rotation of the plane mirror itself by using expander lenses. The whole measuring system is characterized of simple structure, small volume, and high precision. The moving component of the measurement system is wireless, which eliminates the errors and inconvenience introduced by the wire connection. Calibration and comparison tests of this system compared with Renishaw laser interferometer system have been carried out. Experimental results show good consistency for measuring a linear guide way.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A high-precision five-degree-of-freedom measurement system based on laser collimator and interferometry techniques

Kuang

Hong

2007

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…This enabled an algal biomass loading of 250 ± 11.3 mg L -1 d -1 to each of the BES filters. The SS discharged from a failed WSP is largely in the form of algal biomass and according to Ellis and Mara (1983) the SS concentrations of such a pond could be up to 200 mg L -1 .…”

Section: The Photobioreactor For a Continuous Supply Of Algal Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Facultative ponds (FPs) facilitate much of the oxidation of organic matter through a mutualistic relationship between algae and bacteria, and the process relies heavily on natural factors (wind, sunlight, temperature) to fulfil the requirements of such mutualistic relationship (Pedahzur et al, 1993;Tharavathi & Hosetti, 2003). However, due to the reliance on these uncontrollable factors the removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and suspended solids (SS, concentration of up to 200 mg L -1 ) are often inadequate (Ellis & Mara, 1983;Mara et al, 1998;Mara et al, 1992). With recent enforcement of stringent discharge limits (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bio-anodic filter facilitated entrapment, decomposition and in situ oxidation of algal biomass in wastewater effluent

Khalfbadam

Cheng

Sarukkalige

et al. 2016

Bioresource Technology

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This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractThis study examined for the first time the use of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) to entrap, decompose and oxidise fresh algal biomass from an algae-laden effluent. The experimental process consisted of a photobioreactor for a continuous production of the algal-laden effluent, and a two-chamber BES equipped with a graphite granules and carbon-felt anodic filter facilitating the physical removal and oxidation of the algal biomass from the effluent. Resultsshowed that the BES filter could retain ca. 90% of the suspended solids (SS) loaded. A coulombic efficiency (CE) of 36.6% (based on particulate chemical oxygen demand (PCOD) removed) was achieved, which was consistent with the highest CEs of BES studies (operated in microbial fuel cell mode (MFC)) that included additional pre-treatment steps for algae hydrolysis. Overall, this study suggests that a filter type BES anode can effectively entrap, decompose and in situ oxidise algae without the need for a separate pre-treatment step.

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“…The determination of fixed-effect variables was based on the mass balance of oxygen within the ponds. While the main oxygen sources in the WSP system were photosynthesis and the direct exchange of atmospheric oxygen through the air/water interface, oxygen consumption was mostly done by aerobic bacteria for mineralizing organic matter and nitrification process [23]. Particularly in the model, chlorophyll a (µg·L −1 ) and solar radiation (W·m −2 ) characterized the photosynthetic activity, while wind speed (m·s −1 ) and air temperature ( • C) represented the oxygen exchange processes.…”

Section: Model Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Closer Look on Spatiotemporal Variations of Dissolved Oxygen in Waste Stabilization Ponds Using Mixed Models

Pham

Echelpoel

et al. 2018

Water

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Dissolved oxygen is an essential controlling factor in the performance of facultative and maturation ponds since both take many advantages of algal photosynthetic oxygenation. The rate of this photosynthesis strongly depends on the time during the day and the location in a pond system, whose roles have been overlooked in previous guidelines of pond operation and maintenance (O&M). To elucidate these influences, a linear mixed effect model (LMM) was built on the data collected from three intensive sampling campaigns in a waste stabilization pond in Cuenca, Ecuador. Within two parallel lines of facultative and maturation ponds, nine locations were sampled at two depths in each pond. In general, the output of the mixed model indicated high spatial autocorrelations of data and wide spatiotemporal variations of the oxygen level among and within the ponds. Particularly, different ponds showed different patterns of oxygen dynamics, which were associated with many factors including flow behavior, sludge accumulation, algal distribution, influent fluctuation, and pond function. Moreover, a substantial temporal change in the oxygen level between day and night, from zero to above 20 mg O 2 ·L −1 , was observed. Algal photosynthetic activity appeared to be the main reason for these variations in the model, as it was facilitated by intensive solar radiation at high altitude. Since these diurnal and spatial patterns can supply a large amount of useful information on pond performance, insightful recommendations on dissolved oxygen (DO) monitoring and regulations were delivered. More importantly, as a mixed model showed high predictive performance, i.e., high goodness-of-fit (R 2 of 0.94), low values of mean absolute error, we recommended this advanced statistical technique as an effective tool for dealing with high autocorrelation of data in pond systems.

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Stabilization ponds: Design and operation

Cited by 28 publications

References 39 publications

A high-precision five-degree-of-freedom measurement system based on laser collimator and interferometry techniques

A high-precision five-degree-of-freedom measurement system based on laser collimator and interferometry techniques

A bio-anodic filter facilitated entrapment, decomposition and in situ oxidation of algal biomass in wastewater effluent

A Closer Look on Spatiotemporal Variations of Dissolved Oxygen in Waste Stabilization Ponds Using Mixed Models

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