Stable Isotope Analysis of Saline Water Samples on a Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy Instrument

Skrzypek, Grzegorz; Ford, Douglas

doi:10.1021/es4049412

Cited by 65 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…1.00565.0500) was added and the vials were capped, shaken well, and left for 1 h at 23°C for acid dissociation; (3) the vials were opened and purge/bubbled for ~10 min using ultrahigh‐purity helium in a custom‐designed manifold with 0.3 μm fused‐silica capillaries inserted to the bottom of the vials; and (4) after purging, the vials were capped and transferred to an autosampler tray. The vials used for purging are commonly used for samples analyzed using the CTC PAL autosampler with various instruments …”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 66%

Reference materials selection for the stable carbon isotope analysis of dissolved carbon using a wet oxidation system

Skrzypek

Ford

2019

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale Wet chemical oxidation combined with isotope ratio mass spectrometry has become a routine technique for analyzing the stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved organic (DOC) and inorganic (DIC) carbon. However, methodological inconsistencies between laboratories in using different reference materials lead to a discrepancy in results. We experimentally tested the precision and accuracy of the analysis of commonly available international reference materials and other chemicals potentially suitable for laboratory standards. Methods The solid international reference materials and other simple chemicals were used to prepare water solutions. A range of carbon concentrations was chosen to optimize tests for (1) precision and accuracy, (2) linearity, (3) detection limits, (4) memory effects, and (5) efficiency of DIC removal from a DOC/DIC mixtures. Samples were analyzed using an LC‐IsoLink coupled with a Delta V Plus isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Results The analytical setup had a negligible memory effect, good reproducibility (<0.21‰) and accuracy (maximum difference from the true values <0.35‰) for the analyzed organic compounds if approximately ≥9 × 10−09 moles of dissolved carbon was injected into the system (~11 mg C L−1 if a 10‐μL loop was used). Analyses of sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate solutions had a two‐fold lower accuracy despite maintaining a high precision. Conclusions Aqueous solutions of international reference materials such as L‐glutamic acids (USGS40, USGS41), benzoic acid (IAEA‐601) and sucrose (IAEA‐CH‐6) can be successfully used for direct normalization of results to the VPDB scale. By contrast, analyses of caffeine and urea returned very reproducible but highly inaccurate results and these materials are not recommended for standards.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 66%

Reference materials selection for the stable carbon isotope analysis of dissolved carbon using a wet oxidation system

Skrzypek

Ford

2019

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…The CRDS‐based δ 18 O measurements of both freshwater (Benetti et al, ) and seawater (Walker et al, ) have been found to be equivalent to high‐quality measurements by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The salt effect (Benetti et al, ) on δ 18 O and δD measurement of seawater is within the range for CRDS analytical uncertainty if the vaporizer is frequently cleaned (Skrzypek & Ford, ). The salt effect is negligible for our multiyear sea ice and snow samples due to their low salinity (<7 psu).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Stable Isotope Clues to the Formation and Evolution of Refrozen Melt Ponds on Arctic Sea Ice

et al. 2018

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Sea ice is one of the determining parameters of the climate system. The presence of melt ponds on the surface of Arctic sea ice plays a critical role in the mass balance of sea ice. A total of nine cores was collected from multiyear ice refrozen melt ponds and adjacent hummocks during the 2015 Arctic Sea State research cruise. The depth profiles of water isotopes, salinity, and ice texture for these sea ice cores were examined to provide information about the development of refrozen melt ponds and water balance generation processes, which are otherwise difficult to acquire. The presence of meteoric water with low oxygen isotope values as relatively thin layers indicates melt pond water stability and little mixing during formation and refreezing. The hydrochemical characteristics of refrozen melt pond and seawater depth profiles indicate little snowmelt enters the upper ocean during melt pond refreezing. Due to the seasonal characters of deuterium excess for Arctic precipitation, water balance calculations utilizing two isotopic tracers (oxygen isotope and deuterium excess) suggest that besides the melt of snow cover, the precipitation input in the melt season may also play a role in the evolution of melt ponds. The dual‐isotope mixing model developed here may become more valuable in a future scenario of increasing Arctic precipitation. The layers of meteoric origin were found at different depths in the refrozen melt pond ice cores. Surface topography information collected at several core sites was examined for possible explanations of different structures of refrozen melt ponds.

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“…Raw values of δ 18 O and δ 2 H samples were normalized to the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water scale, based on three laboratory standards, each replicated twice and reported in per mil (‰). The long‐term analytical uncertainty (one standard deviation) was determined as 0.8‰ for δ 2 H and 0.06‰ for δ 18 O (Skrzypek & Ford, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How important is groundwater availability and stream perenniality to riparian and floodplain tree growth?

Pettit

Froend

2018

Hydrological Processes

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Riparian vegetation is important for stream functioning and as a major landscape feature. For many riparian plants, shallow groundwater is an important source of water, particularly in areas where rainfall is low, either annually or seasonally, and when extended dry conditions prevail for all or part of the year. The nature of tree water relationships is highly complex. Therefore, we used multiple lines of evidence to determine the water sources used by the dominant tree species Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum), growing in riparian and floodplain areas with varying depth to groundwater and stream perenniality. Dendrometer bands were used to measure diel, seasonal, and annual patterns of tree water use and growth. Water stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) in plant xylem, soil water, and groundwater were measured to determine spatial and temporal patterns in plant water source use. Our results indicated riparian trees located on relatively shallow groundwater had greater growth rates, larger diel responses in stem diameter, and were less reactive to extended dry periods, than trees in areas of deep groundwater. These results were supported by isotope analysis that suggested all trees used groundwater when soil water stores were depleted at the end of the dry season, and this was most pronounced for trees with shallow groundwater. Trees may experience more frequent periods of water deficit stress and undergo reduced productivity in scenarios where water table accessibility is reduced, such as drawdown from groundwater pumping activities or periods of reduced rainfall recharge. The ability of trees to adapt to changing groundwater conditions may depend on the speed of change, the local hydrologic and soil conditions as well as the species involved. Our results suggest that E. camaldulesis growing at our study site is capable of utilizing groundwater even to depths >10 m, and stream perenniality is likely to be a useful indicator of riparian tree use of groundwater.

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Stable Isotope Analysis of Saline Water Samples on a Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy Instrument

Cited by 65 publications

References 40 publications

Reference materials selection for the stable carbon isotope analysis of dissolved carbon using a wet oxidation system

Reference materials selection for the stable carbon isotope analysis of dissolved carbon using a wet oxidation system

Stable Isotope Clues to the Formation and Evolution of Refrozen Melt Ponds on Arctic Sea Ice

How important is groundwater availability and stream perenniality to riparian and floodplain tree growth?

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