Stakeholder Perspectives on Access and Benefit-Sharing for Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

Collins, Jane Eva; Vanagt, Thomas; Huys, Isabelle

doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00265

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…The study began with a scoping literature review to identify benefit-sharing factors that may enable analysis of the positive versus burdensome aspects of benefitsharing options. The benefit-sharing options which could be considered for a potential governance (ABS) system for MGR from ABNJ were also identified (FAO, 2001;Nagoya Protocol, 2011;World Health Organization, 2011;BBNJ, 2019b;Collins et al, 2020). The literature review involved searches through Pubmed, Embase, EurLex, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the United Nations BBNJ website 3 , the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol (UNCLOS, 1982;CBD, 1992;Nagoya Protocol, 2011).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biodiversity goals: Different goals and objectives, as defined by legal biodiversity acts or treaty's, may be attained through benefit-sharing. BBNJ context: relevant goals include contributing towards conservation of marine biological diversity of ABNJ, promoting sustainable use of MGR from ABNJ, fostering scientific R&D and promoting fair and equitable benefit-sharing (Art 140, UNCLOS, 1982;CBD, 1992;Harden-Davies and Gjerde, 2019;Collins et al, 2020). 2.…”

Section: Benefit-sharing Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Freeman (1984), stakeholders are defined as 'any individual or group who can affect an organisation's performance or who is affected by the achievement of this organisation's objectives.' Looking into regulatory issues related to benefit-sharing in ABNJ, taking into account Freeman's definition, five key stakeholder groups were identified: developing states, developed states, civil society, the scientific research community and the private sector (Collins et al, 2020). Although questions remain regarding whether there will be any form of regulatory body in the BBNJ context, this could potentially involve members from both developing and developed states working together to fulfill the role.…”

Section: Rationale For Selecting These Five Benefit-sharing Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been noted that of the four elements under consideration as part of the BBNJ package, MGR including questions on the sharing of benefits remains the most challenging and immature element, with few detailed solutions suggested to date (Voigt-Hanssen, 2018). This is to be expected given the different stakeholder perspectives, goals and concerns Collins et al (2020). However, review of non-monetary and monetary benefit-sharing options in light of benefit-sharing factors and understanding of which measures may provide the most fair and balanced outcome could provide a useful platform on which negotiatons can progress (BBNJ, 2019a;Sirakaya, 2019;Collins et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is to be expected given the different stakeholder perspectives, goals and concerns Collins et al (2020). However, review of non-monetary and monetary benefit-sharing options in light of benefit-sharing factors and understanding of which measures may provide the most fair and balanced outcome could provide a useful platform on which negotiatons can progress (BBNJ, 2019a;Sirakaya, 2019;Collins et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing a Methodology to Balance Benefit-Sharing: Application in the Context of Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction

Collins

Sirakaya

Vanagt³

et al. 2020

GenResJ

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The effectiveness and success of beneﬁt-sharing measures to date, particularly in contributing towards the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, has been questionable. This is likely related to the degree of beneﬁcial impacts versus burden on the users and regulatory authorities in terms of administrative complexities. It is, therefore, timely to reconsider which forms of beneﬁt-sharing may most favourably balance the associated beneﬁcial and burdensome aspects. The aim of this paper is to develop and demonstrate a beneﬁt-sharing balance methodology which can be used as a tool to help decision-makers to select options in an objective and transparent manner. Application in the biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction context provides a useful example of how this tool can be used. Results suggest that sharing of genetic sequence data and research results provide the most favourable balance in terms of non-monetary beneﬁt sharing, whilst the most favourable monetary beneﬁt-sharing options were associated with research funding and salaries. The beneﬁt-sharing balance methodology presented here provides a useful tool and starting point, which can be built upon in the future, to include more detailed information gathered from expert groups to consolidate the perceived balance of beneﬁcial impacts versus burden. In addition, the equation can be tailored according to different policy settings where different beneﬁt-sharing factors may be more appropriate. Ultimately, use of this tool could help to enhance implementation of beneﬁt-sharing policies/legislation with greater potential to balance beneﬁcial impacts with associated burden, thereby enhancing workability of the access and beneﬁt-sharing system as a whole.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Benefit-sharing Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rationale For Selecting These Five Benefit-sharing Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing a Methodology to Balance Benefit-Sharing: Application in the Context of Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction

Collins

Sirakaya

Vanagt³

et al. 2020

GenResJ

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Ethical opportunities in deep‐sea collection of polymetallic nodules from the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone

Katona

Paulikas

Stone

2021

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Infrastructure supporting the transition of human societies from fossil fuels to renewable energy will require hundreds of millions of tons of metals. Polymetallic nodules on the abyssal seabed of the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone (CCZ), eastern North Pacific Ocean, could provide them. We focus on ethical considerations and opportunities available to the novel CCZ nodule‐collection industry, integrating robust science with strong pillars of social and environmental responsibility. Ethical considerations include harm to sea life and recovery time, but also the value of human life, indigenous rights, rights of nature, animal rights, intrinsic values, and intangible ecosystem services. A “planetary perspective” considers the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, extends beyond mineral extraction to a life‐cycle view of impacts, and includes local, national, and global impacts and stakeholders. Stakeholders include direct nodule‐collection actors, ocean conservationists, companies, communities, interest groups, nations, and citizens globally, plus counterfactual stakeholders involved with or affected by intensification of terrestrial mining if ocean metals are not used. Nodule collection would harm species and portions of ecosystems, but could have lower life‐cycle impacts than terrestrial mining expansion, especially if nodule‐metal producers explicitly design for it and stakeholders hold them accountable. Participants across the value chain can elevate the role of ethics in strategic objective setting, engineering design optimization, commitments to stakeholders, democratization of governance, and fostering of circular economies. The International Seabed Authority is called to establish equitable and transparent distribution of royalties and gains, and continue engaging scientists, economists, and experts from all spheres in optimizing deep‐sea mineral extraction for humans and nature. Nodule collection presents a unique opportunity for an ambitious reset of ecological norms in a nascent industry. Embracing ethical opportunities can set an example for industrial‐scale activities on land and sea, accelerate environmental gains through environmental competition with land ores, and hasten civilization's progress toward a sustainable future. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:634–654. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

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Access to and Benefit-Sharing of Genetic Resources: Rationale, Review and Prospects

Ràfols

2021

Biological Diversity and International Law

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Stakeholder Perspectives on Access and Benefit-Sharing for Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Developing a Methodology to Balance Benefit-Sharing: Application in the Context of Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction

Developing a Methodology to Balance Benefit-Sharing: Application in the Context of Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction

Ethical opportunities in deep‐sea collection of polymetallic nodules from the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone

Access to and Benefit-Sharing of Genetic Resources: Rationale, Review and Prospects

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