Standardisation of Plotting Courses and Selecting Turn Points in Maritime Navigation

Abstract

Today's methods of plotting courses and selecting sailing routes and turning points in maritime navigation

Systematic Literature Review on Wheel-over Point Techniques for Efficient Ship Manoeuvre

“…This type of turn is referred to with many names in various studies, e.g. Turning Circle Radius (Aarsaether & Moan, 2007), Geographically Fixed Turns (van Hilten & Wolkenfelt, 2000), Turning Point (Lušić et al, 2014), Radius Path Curvature (Anwar, 2015;Vujičić et al, 2018), and Constant Radius Turn (Kamis et al,2021d). Mariners use this technique to manoeuvre a commercial vessel during normal operations including berthing, mooring, and anchoring (ISC, 2012).…”

“…According to Resolution A.1119(30)-Procedures for Port State Control, a ship may be detained if it fails to provide evidence in implementing any constitution relating to the ship's construction, equipment, or operation essential to protect human health, marine environment, or navigational safety; where the deviation from these requirements could pose unreasonable imminent harm to the aforementioned protection aspects where it should not exist. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), Chapter V-Safety of Navigation states that in order for a ship to navigate safely, the master must first verify that the planned route utilised the necessary nautical charts and publications for the region in general, taking into consideration the IMO standards and guidelines (ICS, 2016;IMO, 2020;Lušić et al, 2014).…”

“…According to Resolution A.893(21) -Guidelines for Voyage Planning, the process of presenting a clear and comprehensive description of the voyage that the vessel will take from the port of departure to the port of arrival is referred to as "voyage planning" (IMO, 1999). Upon completion, a navigation officer needs to follow the agreed courses (Lušić et al, 2014). When changing from one course to another, the alteration needs to be carried out at a sufficient distance; otherwise, there will be a cross-track distance (XTD) due to the ship overshooting the course, as seen in Figure 1 (Lekkas & Fossen, 2014).…”