Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds

Licitra, G.; Hernández, Torres; Soest, P.J. Van

doi:10.1016/0377-8401(95)00837-3

Cited by 2,250 publications

(1,590 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Starter feed and hay were periodically sampled, dried at 55°C and ground through a 1-mm mesh for dry matter (DM), ash, EE and CP determination according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2000). CP was determined by combustion (Dumas method), using a N analyzer by LECO, model FP-528 (St. Joseph, MI, USA) and CP was calculated by multiplying results by 6.25; free-ash NDF and ADF and lignin were determined, according to the method of Van Soest et al (1991), using sodium sulfite and thermo stable amylase when required; and N-NDF and N-ADF were determined according to Licitra et al (1996). The total digestible nutrients values were calculated according to the equation proposed by Weiss (1993) and non-fiber carbohydrates as suggested by Hall et al (2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential oils for dairy calves: effects on performance, scours, rumen fermentation and intestinal fauna

Santos

Paula

Lezier

et al. 2015

Animal

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The first cause of death of dairy calves is often diarrhea which is mainly caused by pathogenic bacteria, which can result in excessive use of antibiotics. However, facing the increase concern by the industry and consumers, the use of antibiotics not only to control pathogens, but also to manipulate growth, has become a challenge. Alternative additives, such essential oils, have the potential to decrease antibiotic use, without reducing performance or increasing mortality of dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a commercial blend of essential oils, incorporated into the calf starter and/or milk replacer to monitor the effect on overall calf performance, fecal scores and rumen fermentation parameters. A total of 30 Holstein calves received 6 l/day of a liquid diet, consisting of a commercial milk replacer containing 20% CP : 15% fat (EE). Calves had free choice access to water and calf starter. Weaning occurred at week 8, and calves were followed until the 10 th week of age. Calves were assigned to one of the three treatment groups in a randomized block design. Treatments: (1) control without essential oils supplementation (C); (2) essential oils blend in the milk replacer at 400 mg/kg (MR) and (3) essential oils blend in the milk replacer (200 mg/kg) and starter feed (200 mg/kg) (MRS). From the 2 nd week, calves were weighed and body measurements were taken, while concentrate intake and fecal scores were monitored daily. Blood samples were drawn weekly for determination of glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate. Fecal samples were collected weekly and analyzed for lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteria; and ruminal fluid for determination of pH, short chain fatty acids, ammonia-N and counts of amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria, and protozoa. Performance, fecal scores and intestines microorganisms were not affected by the essential oils supplementation. Ruminal and blood parameters were also not affected, with the exception the rumen ammonia-N concentration, with higher values when essential oils were supplemented in a combination of milk replacer and starter feed. Most of the evaluated parameters were affected by age of calves, mainly as a response to the increase in concentrate intake as animals' aged. Essential oils are promising substitutes for antibiotics. However, the dose and routes of administration deserve further studies, allowing a better animal performance and health to be achieved.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential oils for dairy calves: effects on performance, scours, rumen fermentation and intestinal fauna

Santos

Paula

Lezier

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…Lignin (72% H 2 SO 4 ) was estimated as described by Van Soest and Robertson (1985). The contents of NDF were obtained using thermostable α-amylase and were corrected for the levels of protein and ash according to Licitra et al (1996) and Mertens (2002), respectively. Casein was analyzed for DM, OM, CP and EE following the same procedures described for the analysis of Tifton 85 hay ( Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of protein supplementation on ruminal parameters and microbial community fingerprint of Nellore steers fed tropical forages

Bento

Azevedo

Gomes

et al. 2016

Animal

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In tropical regions, protein supplementation is a common practice in dairy and beef farming. However, the effect of highly degradable protein in ruminal fermentation and microbial community composition has not yet been investigated in a systematic manner. In this work, we aimed to investigate the impact of casein supplementation on volatile fatty acids (VFA) production, specific activity of deamination (SAD), ammonia concentration and bacterial and archaeal community composition. The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square balanced for residual effects, with four animals (average initial weight of 280 ± 10 kg) and four experimental periods, each with duration of 29 days. The diet comprised Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay with an average CP content of 9.8%, on a dry matter basis. Animals received basal forage (control) or infusions of pure casein (230 g) administered direct into the rumen, abomasum or divided (50 : 50 ratio) in the rumen/abomasum. There was no differences ( P > 0.05) in ruminal pH and microbial protein concentration between supplemented v. non-supplemented animals. However, in steers receiving ruminal infusion of casein the SAD and ruminal ammonia concentration increased 33% and 76%, respectively, compared with the control. The total concentration of VFA increased ( P < 0.05) in steers receiving rumen infusion of casein. SAD and the microbial protein concentration did not vary significantly among treatments during the feeding cycle, but mean SAD values were greater in steers supplemented in the rumen and rumen/abomasum. Ruminal ammonia concentration was positively correlated with SAD in animals receiving ruminal infusion of casein. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis revealed low similarity between treatments, animals and time of sample collection. Richness analysis and determination of the Shannon-Wiener index indicated no differences ( P > 0.05) in species richness and diversity of γ-proteobacteria, firmicutes and archaea between non-supplemented Nellore steers and steers receiving casein supplementation in the rumen. However, species richness and the Shannon-Wiener index were lower ( P < 0.05) for the phylum bacteroidetes in steers supplemented with casein in the rumen compared with non-supplemented animals. Venn diagrams indicated that the number of unique bands varied considerably among individual animals and was usually higher in number for non-supplemented steers compared with supplemented animals. These results add new knowledge about the effects of ruminal and postruminal protein supplementation on metabolic activities of rumen microbes and the composition of bacterial and archaeal communities in the rumen of steers.Keywords: beef cattle, casein, rumen degradable protein, deamination, microbial fingerprint ImplicationsFormulation of cattle diets requires balancing the availability of carbohydrates and protein in order to maximize microbial growth in the rumen. Increasing the availability of rumen degradable protein (RDP) is useful to red...

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“…In the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) analysis, the samples were treated with a heat stable alpha amylase, without using sodium sulphite and corrected for residual ash (Mertens, 2002). Neutral detergent fibre was also corrected for nitrogenous compounds content and the ADIP content was estimated as described by Licitra et al (1996). Supplement samples were analyzed regarding DM, OM, and CP as described above (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake and digestibility in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage and supplemented with nitrogenous compounds

Sampaio

Detmann

Paulino

et al. 2010

Trop Anim Health Prod

119

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-The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds on intake, digestibility, and rumen microbial synthesis in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage. Five crossbred heifers, averaging 209 kg and fitted with ruminal fistulla, were used. The animals were fed ad libitum with signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) hay, which had crude protein (CP) content of 5.08%, as dry matter (DM) basis. The five treatments were defined according to the increasing level of CP in the diet (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 percentile points above the forage CP level). The supplement consisted of the following nitrogen sources: urea, ammonium sulfate and albumin (4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively). The experiment was carried out according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design, with five experimental periods. The average CP levels in the diets were: 5. 28, 8.08, 9.82, 11.87, and 13.63% on DM basis. The intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) showed a quadratic response according to CP levels in the diet, with maximum responses at 10.83%, 10.78%, and 10.37% CP, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of OM and NDF showed a linear-response-plateau response according to CP levels, with the plateau beginning (maximum response) at 7.93% and 7.55% CP, respectively. The average daily concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) was positively related with CP levels. The RAN estimate associated with the maximum DM intake was 15.33 mg/dL. It was observed that intestinal flow of microbial nitrogenous compounds and nitrogen intake became equivalent to each other at 7.13% of CP. 8,08; 9,82; 11,87 e 13,63%, com base na matéria seca (MS). Verificou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de PB na dieta sobre os consumos de MS, matéria orgânica (MO) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) (kg/dia), com respostas máximas nos níveis de 10,83%, 10,78% e 10,37% de PB, respectivamente.

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Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds

Cited by 2,250 publications

References 11 publications

Essential oils for dairy calves: effects on performance, scours, rumen fermentation and intestinal fauna

Essential oils for dairy calves: effects on performance, scours, rumen fermentation and intestinal fauna

Effect of protein supplementation on ruminal parameters and microbial community fingerprint of Nellore steers fed tropical forages

Intake and digestibility in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage and supplemented with nitrogenous compounds

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