Standards and tests for lead–acid batteries in automotive applications

Analysis of Mixing Efficiency in a Stirred Reactor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

“…Nevertheless, the components are toxic and corrosive, can pollute air, soil, and water, and can also be cause for an explosion or a fire. Moreover, exposure to these components can produce serious health hazards to humans and natural life [1][2][3]7,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Zhang, li Sun, and other authors have talked about some industrial methods for recycling hazardous materials.…”

“…Zhang, li Sun, and other authors have talked about some industrial methods for recycling hazardous materials. Although lead-acid batteries can be physically recharged many times, their working life is limited, as during each cycle, certain stress is placed on the lead plates, according to the operating conditions [3,4,6,7,[9][10][11][12][13]. This causes short circuits and reduces the battery's lifetime [2][3][4][5]13].…”

“…Although lead-acid batteries can be physically recharged many times, their working life is limited, as during each cycle, certain stress is placed on the lead plates, according to the operating conditions [3,4,6,7,[9][10][11][12][13]. This causes short circuits and reduces the battery's lifetime [2][3][4][5]13]. Prengaman, Hildebrandt, and Tian et al have been working also on the recycling of lead batteries due to the fact that these are one of the most dangerous wastes in the automotive industry [5][6][7][8]12,[16][17][18][19].…”

“…Industrially, lead is collected for recycling and reducing environmental damage. Furthermore, the recycling process uses less energy than refining primary ore [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]13,14]. Nowadays, recycling has become a clean economical option for many industrial trials which want to reduce costs; this fact is a very interesting motivation for studying and improving industrial lead processing [1][2][3][4][6][7][8][9]14,15].…”

“…Consequently, the tracer is assumed as ideal; then, an original lead volume is substituted by another volume with the same physical properties. This method is frequently used by authors who work on physical and computer simulation to evaluate fluid flows [1][2][3][4][5][10][11][12][13][16][17][18]30,[35][36][37][38][39][40]. This procedure is conducted experimentally using colorants for painting the original fluid in order to follow the fluid path and show streamlines of fluid [5][6][7]13,[26][27][28][29][30]39,40,[44][45][46].…”