Standards for microwave radiation

Blackwell, R P

doi:10.1038/282360a0

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Third, testes rely mainly on surface conduction for any thermal changes and seem likely to be easily heated in contrast to other body parts which depend on their local blood flow for heat control. Our two suggestions of non-thermal and thermal effects, therefore, agree with other workers who suggested a combination of both effects as probable mechanism for the pathogenesis of MP on biological systems (Blackwell, 1979).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Retracted: Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on testicular function and structure in adult rabbit

2010

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The accumulating effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by a conventional mobile phone (standby position) on the testicular function and structure are not yet fully investigated. To study these effects longitudinally, a total of 24 adult male rabbits were randomly and equally divided into three groups. Rabbits in the first (phone) group were exposed, in specially designed cages, to radio frequency emitted from the mobile phone (800 MHz) in a standby position opposite to that of testes for 8 h daily for 12 weeks. The second group consisted of the stress controls which were kept in the same kind of cages to appreciate any cage-induced anxiety. The third group included the ordinary controls which were kept in the conventional roomy cages. Semen analysis and sperm function tests (viability, hypo-osmotic swelling and acridine orange) were conducted weekly. Histological testicular sections and serum total testosterone were also evaluated. A drop in the sperm concentration appeared in the phone group at week 6. This became statistically significant at week 8, compared with the two control (stress and ordinary) groups (133, 339 and 356 x 106/mL, respectively) and to the initial sperm count (341 x 106/mL) of this group. Motile sperm population showed similarity amongst the three study groups until week 10 when it declined significantly, and thereafter in the phone and stress control groups, with more significant decline in the phone animals (50, 61 and 72.4%, respectively). Histological examination showed also a significant decrease in the diameter of seminiferous tubules in the phone group vs. the stress and ordinary controls (191 microm vs. 206 and 226 microm, respectively). The other study points did not show any difference. In conclusion, low intensity pulsed radio frequency emitted by a conventional mobile phone kept in the standby position could affect the testicular function and structure in the adult rabbit.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Retracted: Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on testicular function and structure in adult rabbit

2010

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“…Electromagnetic waves can possibly affect reproductive function via three mechanisms: 1) an EMW-specific effect; 2) a thermal molecular effect; or 3) a combination of these (13). Wang et al (20) suggested in their study on mice that Leydig cells are among the most susceptible cells to EMW, and injury to Leydig cells may affect spermatogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Animal studies indicate that EMW may have a wide range of damaging effects on the testicular function and male germ line (11,12). Electromagnetic waves can affect reproductive function through both thermal and nonthermal effects (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study

Agarwal

Deepinder

Sharma

et al. 2008

Fertility and Sterility

407

230

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“…It is commonly accepted that MW emitted by cellular phones is at a nonthermal power density level. However, there is ''consensus'' that there are no nonthermal effects, but there also is not a universal agreement that there are no non-thermal effects [Blackwell, 1979]. Cleary [1995] reported that RF radiation reduced the fertilizing capacity of sperm, and the author suggested that RF radiation and heat might have an additive or synergistic effect on reducing the fertilization capacity of mammalian spermatozoa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes

Daşdağ¹,

Akdağ²,

Aksen³

et al. 2003

Bioelectromagnetics

153

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted from cellular phones on the lipid composition, malondialdehyde concentration, p53 immune reactivity, sperm count, morphology, histological structure of testes, and on rectal temperature of rats exposed to microwave radiation emitted from cellular phones. Sixteen Spraque-Dawley rats were separated into two groups of eight, sham exposed (control) and experimental. The rats were confined in plexiglas cages specially designed for this study, and cellular phones were placed 0.5 cm under the cages. For the experimental group, cellular phones were activated 20 min per day (7 days a week) for 1 month. For the control group, the cellular phones were placed beneath the cages for 20 min a day, but the phones were turned off. Rectal temperatures were measured weekly. For 250 mW radiated power, the whole body average SAR (rms) is 0.52 W/kg and 1 g averaged peak SAR (rms) is 3.13 W/kg. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical comparisons of groups. No statistically significant alteration in any of the endpoints was noted. This study found no evidence suggesting an adverse effect of cell phone exposure on measures of testicular function or structure.

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Standards for microwave radiation

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Retracted: Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on testicular function and structure in adult rabbit

Retracted: Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on testicular function and structure in adult rabbit

Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study

Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes

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