Standards vary in studies using rainfall simulators to evaluate erosion

Grismer, Mark E.

doi:10.3733/ca.v066n03p102

Cited by 46 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Also, the effects of slope steepness and rain intensity on flow velocity intensified as slope gradient became steeper. It is obvious that at steeper slopes, the flow velocity and the resultant stream power and transport capacity of runoff increase so that more pre-detached materials can be transported by the raindrop-driven overland flow (Grismer 2012). In other words, due to higher flow velocities generated on steeper slopes, soil particles can be transported easier (Fu et al 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Defersha and Melesse (2012) found that rain intensity and slope gradient had significant influences on sediment concentration. Slope gradient is important as more soil particles are splashed down-slope than up-slope (Dunne et al 2010;Grismer 2012). In fact, slope gradient has a significant influence on the down-slope splash Comparison of sediment concentration between the studied soils showed that soil D 2mm exhibited higher values of sediment concentration than soil D 4.75mm (Fig.…”

Section: Sediment Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Sediment concentration and hydraulic characteristics of rain-induced overland flows in arid land soils

Sajjadi

Mahmoodabadi

2015

J Soils Sediments

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Purpose Rain-induced overland flow involves the detachment of soil particles by raindrop impact and the transportation by the resultant overland flow. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sediment concentration and different hydraulic parameters including flow depth, flow velocity, shear stress, stream power, and unit stream power. The effects of soil particle size distribution, rain intensity, and slope steepness on measured sediment concentration in rain-induced sheet flow were also examined. Materials and methods Two arid land soils with different particles size distributions (D 2mm and D 4.75mm ) were subjected to simulated rains using a detachment tray under infiltration conditions. Two rain intensities of 57 and 80 mm h −1 were simulated on slope gradients ranging from 0.5 to 20 %, resulting in rain-induced overland flows. After pre-wetting each soil, the sediment-laden overland flow was sampled at several time intervals (2, 5, 15, 20, 30, and 40 min) and the sediment concentration was determined. Different hydraulic parameters including flow depth, flow velocity, shear stress, stream power, and unit stream power were measured. The hydraulic parameters were used to model the sediment concentration, and the model performance was evaluated. Results and discussion The result showed that the measured sediment concentration was greater in the higher rainfall intensity and at steeper slopes. With increasing slope steepness, sediment concentration increased from 4.3 to 15.5 kg m −3 and from 3.8 to 12.5 kg m −3 for soils D 2mm and D 4.75mm , respectively. There was a direct relationship between sediment concentration and the rain-induced flow velocity, shear stress, stream power, and unit stream power. Nevertheless, the values of sediment concentration increased as flow depth decreased on steeper slopes. Also, sediment concentration was lower in the soil containing larger aggregates than in the finer soil. The hydraulic parameters tended to overestimate low amounts of sediment concentration and underestimate high values. Conclusions In general, the accuracy of the hydraulic parameters in predicting sediment concentration was: flow velocity > stream power > shear stress > unit stream power > flow depth. Flow velocity was the best predictor of sediment concentration with a linear relationship, whereas the other parameters showed nonlinear relationships. This study revealed that rain-induced sediment concentration at small scales can be modeled precisely on the basis of the flow velocity parameter.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Sediment Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 90%

Sediment concentration and hydraulic characteristics of rain-induced overland flows in arid land soils

Sajjadi

Mahmoodabadi

2015

J Soils Sediments

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“…For example, Robichaud et al () using a blend of sizes of wood chips at three cover percentages (0, 50, and 70%) found that the largest erosion reduction was for a 70% cover. Gronier et al () reported that a 70% coverage of wood chips reduced soil loss by 98%. Yanosek et al () determined that two wood strand blends both reduced sediment loss by >70% for a range of coverages (30, 50, and 70%) for different soil types, slopes, and overland flow rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They found that all covered treatments reduced the runoff and sediment production when compared with a bare treatment subjected to rainfall only and rainfall plus concentrated flow. Gronier, Foltz, and Showers () evaluated the 30, 50, and 70% coverage of wood shred on sandy‐loam soil erosion under simulated rainfall intensity of 50 mm hr −1 . The results showed that the wood shred at 30, 50, and 70% coverage reduced sediment loss by 79, 92, and 98% as compared with bare plots.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of native wood strand mulches for land rehabilitation in Iran under experimental conditions

et al. 2019

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Wood‐based mulches are a preferred erosion control material for rehabilitation of degraded lands because they can be made from native wood materials; however, research is needed to verify the effectiveness of new products prior to application. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of two types of native wood strand mulches from Iran (waste byproducts of Alnus glutinosa and Fagus orientalis working) in reducing runoff, soil loss, and sediment concentration under laboratory conditions. Toward this goal, rainfall simulations were conducted 27 times using a 50 mm hr−1 rainfall during 20‐min experiments on erosion plots with treatments of different cover percentages (bare, 30 and 70%) and strand dimensions (16 and 4 cm in length; 1.5 cm wide). The results showed that all strand applications reduced runoff (>12%), soil loss (>47%), and sediment concentration (>44%) compared to the bare plots. The most effective application treatment was a 70% coverage of the 4‐cm strands of either material (p value < .002). The shorter strands were most effective for all hydrological and erosion variables reductions because they maintained more contact with the soil surface during simulated rainfall and then increased the soil retention potential, whereas the longer strands realigned in the direction of flow, thereby limiting their ability to retard flowing water. The small strands also facilitated the creation of microdams that blocked flow and promoted infiltration. Both materials were deemed effective native erosion control products in degraded sites in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran, particularly when small strands were applied at high cover rates.

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“…Além disso, o impacto da gota de chuva proporciona compactação, que associada ao selamento, reduz a taxa de infiltração da água. Quando a intensidade da chuva passa a ser maior do que a taxa de infiltração, inicia-se o transporte das partículas desagregadas do solo pelo escoamento superficial (GRISMER, 2012).…”

Section: Fundamentação Teóricaunclassified

Estimativa Da Erosão Laminar Na Bacia Hidrográfica Do Ribeirão João Leite – Go a Partir De Análise Espacial De Dados

et al. 2017

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Resumo:No ano de 2009 foi construída a barragem do Ribeirão João Leite, localizada na região central do Estado de Goiás, obra que garante parte do abastecimento de água da população de Goiânia-GO e região metropolitana por 25 anos. A tendência de crescimento populacional a ser atendida por esta barragem indica a necessidade de preservação da qualidade da água distribuída a seus consumidores. Baseado neste fato, o presente estudo tem o objetivo de quantificar a perda de solos por erosão laminar na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão João Leite, no ano de 2011 para verificar o potencial de erosão no manancial. A perda de solo foi estimada de forma quantitativa por meio da Equação Universal de Perda de Solos, utilizando para tanto, um Sistema de Informações Geográficas ArcGis 9.3 para processamento, tratamento e produção de informações. O cálculo feito através desta Equação foi realizado por meio da inclusão de um algoritmo para o cálculo automatizado dos fatores topográfico, de potencial natural à erosão laminar, de perda de solo por erosão laminar, e comprimento de rampa. O Sistema de Informações Geográficas se mostrou altamente eficiente no sentido de possibilitar a obtenção de informações macros de forma rápida. O resultado obtido mostrou que 74,01% da área da bacia possuem fraco potencial e 25,99% da área da bacia possui moderado a forte potencial a erosão, necessitando assim, de práticas conservacionistas para evitar erosões mais acentuadas.Palavras-chave: Perda de solos. Erosão. Sistema de informações geográficas.

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Standards vary in studies using rainfall simulators to evaluate erosion

Cited by 46 publications

References 41 publications

Sediment concentration and hydraulic characteristics of rain-induced overland flows in arid land soils

Sediment concentration and hydraulic characteristics of rain-induced overland flows in arid land soils

Effectiveness of native wood strand mulches for land rehabilitation in Iran under experimental conditions

Estimativa Da Erosão Laminar Na Bacia Hidrográfica Do Ribeirão João Leite – Go a Partir De Análise Espacial De Dados

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