Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Enterotoxins

Lancette, Gayle A; Bennett, Reginald W.

doi:10.2105/9780875531755ch39

Cited by 72 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…to Lancette and Bennett (2001). Each sample was plated onto Baird Parker agar (Oxoid Ltd., Hampshire, UK), supplemented with egg yolk and tellurite emulsion (1%; Oxoid Ltd.).…”

Section: Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and production of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from buffalo milk and milking environment

Almeida¹,

Pizauro²,

Rossi³

et al. 2017

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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The interest in production of buffalo milk is increasing in Brazil due to its physico-chemical and nutritional characteristics. However, just as sheep, goats and cows are susceptible to mastitis, so are buffaloes, which is mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. In this regard, biofilm formation, the ability to escape host immune defense and virulence factor, is presumably a key factor for acute and chronic intra-mammary infection in buffaloes. In this study, biofilm forming capabilities and virulence genes were evaluated in S. aureus isolated from buffalo milk and milking environments, using phenotypic and genotypic assays. Thirty two S. aureus strains isolated from buffalo milk, milking machines and milkers' hands were obtained from a farm in Analândia, São Paulo State, Brazil. Samples were collected in April, June, October and November 2013. These strains were tested for the presence of sa442, icaA, icaD, clfA, clfB, sarA and hla genes, slime production using Congo Red Agar (CRA), and biofilm formation using microtiter assay. All samples of S. aureus were positive for CRA and microtiter assay. Although, icaA and icaD genes were simultaneously detected in nine of the 32 samples, none of the samples were positive for icaA; only seven were positive for icaD gene. This suggests that other factors may be involved in biofilm formation. Seventeen strains of S. aureus were positive for sarA gene, nine for clfA gene, 16 for clfB and 16 for hla. A great variability in SmaI restriction profiles of S. aureus strains was observed. Thirty isolates were typified and two strains were not by SmaI restriction. In addition, 18 pulse types were detected. It is hypothesized that biofilm can be produced by the expression of icaD gene only. Our findings suggest that S. aureus strains from buffalo milk and milking environment are similar, which contradict the findings obtained from bovine strains. This behavior may contribute to the persistence of mastitis in buffalo caused by S. aureus, which results in a potential zoonotic problem. Our results may bring new insights into the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of bubaline mastitis.

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“…to Lancette and Bennett (2001). Each sample was plated onto Baird Parker agar (Oxoid Ltd., Hampshire, UK), supplemented with egg yolk and tellurite emulsion (1%; Oxoid Ltd.).…”

Section: Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and production of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from buffalo milk and milking environment

Almeida¹,

Pizauro²,

Rossi³

et al. 2017

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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“…Broiler karkaslarında yapılan mekanik ayırmada kullanılan cihaz tiplerine bağlı olarak ve elle ayırma sırasında kontaminasyon riskinin oluşabileceği düşünülmüştür. Kesim prosesinin özellikle tüy yolma, iç organ çıkartma ve su ile soğutma işlemle-rinin, stafilokokların çapraz kontaminasyonunu kolaylaş-tırdığı sonucuna varılmıştır (34). Ayrıca etin çeşiti ve karkas yapısına bağlı olarak da mikrokok/stafilokok sayısında farklılık oluşabileceği düşünülmektedir.…”

Section: Tartışma Ve Sonuçunclassified

Mekanik olarak ayrılmış broiler etlerinin (MABE) bazı mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal niteliklerinin belirlenmesi

ŞİRELİ¹

2014

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Özet: Bu çalışma, mekanik olarak ayrılmış broiler etlerinin (MABE) bazı mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla materyal olarak 100 adet mekanik olarak ayrılmış kanatlı eti kullanılmıştır. Mekanik olarak ayrılmış broiler etlerinin kuru madde, rutubet, protein, yağ, kül ve pH ortalama değerleri sırasıyla % 36.10, % 63.89, % 14.04, % 20.18, % 1.09 ve 6.6 olarak saptanmıştır. Araştırmada, kalsiyum (Ca) değeri 674.01 mg/kg ve fosfor (P) değeri ise 503.38 mg/kg olarak ölçülmüştür. Mikrobiyolojik analiz sonuçlarına göre aerob mezofil genel canlı sayısı 6.64 log kob/g, Enterobacteriaceae spp. 3.95 log kob/g, mikrokok/stafilokok 5.12 log kob/g, Pseudomonas spp. 4.24 log kob/g, maya/küf 2.19 log kob/g olarak saptanmıştır. Koliform bakteri ve E.coli sayısı <3-45 EMS/g arasında bulunmuştur. Araştırmada, koagulaz pozitif stafilokokların belirlenmesi için 395 şüpheli izolat elde edilmiştir. Bu izolatlardan 20'si (% 5.06) koagulaz pozitif stafilokok olarak saptanmıştır. Koagulaz pozitif izolatların 7'si S.aureus olarak identifiye edilmiştir. İzolatların % 42.85'inin (3/7) enterotoksin A, % 28.57'sinin (2/7) enterotoksin D, % 14.28'inin (1/7) enterotoksin A ve B ve % 14.28'inin (1/7) enterotoksin A, B ve C'yi ürettiği saptanmıştır. Çalışmada örneklerin % 30'nun Salmonella spp. ile kontamine olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak; MABE'ye ait olan bazı kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik analiz sonuçlarının Türk Gıda Kodeksi yasal limitlerinin üzerinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Anahtar sözcükler: Kimyasal kalite, mekanik ayrılmış broiler eti (MABE), mikrobiyolojik kalite, S. aureus, Salmonella spp. Determination of some microbiological and chemical quality of mechanically seperated broiler meatsSummary: This study was made for defining some microbiological and chemical properties of mechanically deboned broiler meats. For this; a hundred mechanically seperated broiler meat were used, as a material. Mean value of dry matter, humidity, protein, lipid, ash and pH of deboned chicken meats were; 36.10%, 63.89%, 14.04%, 20.18%, 1.09% and 6.6 respectively. At research, calcium and phosphorus analysis have been made by Inductively Coupled Plasma, ICP and mean calcium and phosphorus values were 674.01 mg/kg and 503.38 mg/kg. According to microbiological analysis results; mean aerob mesophile total viable count 6.64 log cfu/g, Enterobacteriaceae spp. 3.95 log cfu/g, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus 5.12 log cfu/g, Pseudomonas spp. 4.24 log cfu/g, yeast/mold 2.19 log.cfu/g. Analysis of coliform group bacteria and E.coli has been made according to MPN techniques. Number of coliform bacteries were <3-45 MPN/g and E.coli were <3-45 MPN/g. At research, for determining coagulase positive staphylococcus; 395 suspect isolates were achieved. 20 of these isolate; were identified as coagulase positive staphylococcus. Seven of total 20 coagulase positive isolates were defined as S. aureus. To determine enterotoxin production ability of S. aureus; Ridascreen SET A, B, C, D, E tests were used. Eventually; 42.85% (3/7) enterot...

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“…in raw milk samples were performed as proposed by Lancette and Bennett (2001). An aliquot of samples (10 mL) was homogenized in 90 mL of 0.1% sterile peptone water.…”

Section: Enumeration and Identification Of Staphylococcus Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Confirmation at genera level was performed by using Gram's staining, production of catalase, coagulase, heat stable nuclease (Tnase), and anaerobic utilization of mannitol tests (Lancette and Bennett, 2001). Coagulase was performed using the tube method as described by Lancette and Bennett (2001), whereas Tnase production was assessed by the plate technique with toluidine blue-deoxyribonucleic acid agar (Lachica, 1976). Anaerobic fermentation of mannitol was used when isolates were negative for coagulase and Tnase tests to differentiate Staphylococcus spp.…”

Section: Enumeration and Identification Of Staphylococcus Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of CNS in foods is of concern, as they are commonly found in raw material (e.g., as milk) and may be used as starter cultures for production of fermented foods (Zell et al, 2008). Since analytical methodology assumes that enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus must produce coagulase (Lancette and Bennett, 2001), the presence of CNS is overlooked and, thus, implications for food safety may arise. Therefore, testing the potential of Staphylococcus strains to produce enterotoxins using easy and inexpensive methods (Robbins et al, 1974) may be a better choice so as to report on the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus strains.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Incidence of Enterotoxin D ProducingStaphylococcusspp. in Brazilian Cow's Raw Milk and Its Relation with Coagulase and Thermonuclease Enzymes

Oliveira

Padovani

Miya

et al. 2011

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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In this study, the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus strains (n ¼ 574) isolated from raw milk samples (n ¼ 140) was determined for their capacity to produce staphylococcal enterotoxins. In addition, the relationship between the presence of enterotoxins, coagulase, and thermonuclease (Tnase) was assessed. The results showed that 19% of Staphylococcus was enterotoxigenic, being able to produce at least one of the staphylococcal enterotoxins (A, B, C, and D). Most of the strains were able to produce enterotoxin D (68.8%), whereas 12.8% of the Staphylococcus strains were able to produce staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Besides, the production of more than one type of enterotoxins by the same strain was observed. Tnase was considered the best marker for enterotoxigenic potential of isolates, although some of them were negative for coagulase and Tnase but positive for enterotoxin production. Therefore, either the use of Tnase to assess Staphylococcus enterotoxigenic potential or the use of simple and easy screening tests for enterotoxin production should receive more attention when evaluating the pathogenic potential of foodborne Staphylococcus strains. Due to the association of both coagulase positive Staphylococcus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus with foodborne disease outbreaks, regulators and industries should pay more attention to enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus rather than focusing only on S. aureus or coagulase positive Staphylococcus. Finally, data found here suggest a high risk of staphylococcal intoxication with the consumption of raw milk or dairy products made from raw milk.

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Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Enterotoxins

Cited by 72 publications

References 97 publications

Identification and production of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from buffalo milk and milking environment

Identification and production of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from buffalo milk and milking environment

Mekanik olarak ayrılmış broiler etlerinin (MABE) bazı mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal niteliklerinin belirlenmesi

High Incidence of Enterotoxin D ProducingStaphylococcusspp. in Brazilian Cow's Raw Milk and Its Relation with Coagulase and Thermonuclease Enzymes

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