Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype

Abstract

The role of infective agents in autoimmune diseases (ADs) development has been historically investigated, but in the last years has been strongly reconsidered due to the interest in the link between the microbiome and ADs. Together with the gut, the skin microbiome is characterized by the presence of several microorganisms, potentially influencing innate and adaptive immune response. S. aureus is one of the most important components of the skin microbiome that can colonize anterior nares without clinical manifestations. Data from the literature demonstrates a significantly higher prevalence of nasal colonization in ADs patients in comparison with healthy subjects, suggesting a possible role in terms of disease development and phenotypes. Thus, in the present narrative review we focused on the mechanisms by which S. aureus could influence the immune response and on its relationship with ADs, in particular granulomatosis with polyangiitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Nocardia asteroides occipital abscess as a cause of lupus nephritis?

“…The etiopathogenesis of SLE remains obscure but it is postulated that epigenetics plays a crucial role in the manifestation of SLE 2,3 . Epidemiologic studies demonstrate the strongest association with cigarette smoking, crystalline silica exposure, oral contraceptives, and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy 2,4 . In certain genetically susceptible individuals, an environmental trigger will result in the loss of tolerance of self and development of immune complexes toward native proteins.…”

Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among food handlers: An ongoing challenge in public health

“…To date, a large number of studies have reported the involvement of food handlers in food contamination (Alhashimi et al, 2017;Bencardino & Vitali, 2019;Castro et al, 2016;Rall et al, 2010). Previous published reviews have focused, individually, on fully describing S. aureus nasal carriage or specific aspects of SFP, such as the recording of outbreaks or enterotoxin production in different food (Brown et al, 2013;Ceccarelli et al, 2019;Frank et al, 2010;Kadariya et al, 2014;Pinchuk et al, 2010;Sakr et al, 2018). Our aim, on the other hand, was to explore the risk associated with nasal carriers during food processing, describing cross-contamination routes.…”

Nasal microbiome research in ANCA-associated vasculitis: Strengths, limitations, and future directions

“…S. aureus carriage is associated with the presence of autoimmune diseases, not only in GPA but also discussed to be more prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis. Several factors may contribute to the virulence of S. aureus including surface structure, the production of exotoxins, and exoenzymes [11] . In patients with GPA, presence of chronic S. aureus colonization is an independent risk factor for relapse when compared to non-carriers [12] .…”