Starch‐based nanoparticles: Stimuli responsiveness, toxicity, and interactions with food components

Abstract

In recent years, starch‐based nanoparticles have attracted great interest due to their small size, good biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness, as well as their potential applications in foods, drug delivery carriers, and biodegradable edible films. Compared with nonstarch polysaccharides, starch can be enzymatically hydrolyzed into glucose in vivo, so it can be used as an enzyme‐responsive carrier. The recent research progress of starch‐based nanoparticles, including starch nanoparticles, starch nanospheres, starch micelles, starch vesicles, starch nanogels, and starch nanofibers, are reviewed in this paper. The main focus is on their responsiveness, digestibility, toxicity, interactions with other components, and applications. Starch‐based nanoparticles are nontoxic and responsive to pH, temperature, light, and other stimuli. It can interact with proteins, antioxidants, and lipids through electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding interactions. Starch‐based nanoparticles have a wide range of applications, including enhancing the mechanical properties of films and gels, stabilizing emulsions, as a fluorescent indicator, a catalyst, and a nanocarrier to control the release of active ingredients and drugs.

A Review on Polymer and Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Its Application to Nano-Pharmaceutical and Food-Based Systems

“…In assessing the gel properties, pharmacokinetics, morphology, anticancer activity and immunohistopathology after thermosensitive irinotecan-encapsulated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) rectal administration to tumor-bearing mice, it was easily administered to the anus, gelling rapidly and strongly after rectal administration, inducing no damage to the rat rectum and no body weight loss in tumor-bearing mice ( 135 ). Futhermore, mutiple nanocarrier, including bio-nanocapsule-liposome nanocarrier ( 136 ), poly{(benzyl-L-aspartate)-co-[N-(3-aminopropyl) imidazole-L-aspartamide]}-poly(ethylene glycol) ( 137 ), Polysaccharide-based nanocarriers ( 138 ), ( 139 ), Poly(aspartic acid-graft-imidazole)-poly(ethylene glycol) [P(Asp-g-Im)-PEG] ( 140 ), amphiphilic copolymer of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b- poly(epsilon-caprolactone) ( 141 ), were demonstrated to be safety in vivo in treatment cancer, inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, some material was demonstrated to be safety such as starch-based nanoparticles ( 139 ).…”

Engineering Properties of Sweet Potato Starch for Industrial Applications by Biotechnological Techniques including Genome Editing

“…Antimicrobial packaging is another promising area of the food industry that has received growing attention [110]. Starchbased nanoparticles display unique properties, such as controllable release, improved water solubility, bioavailability, and improved delivery of active ingredients in foods and within the human body [111,112]. In addition to enhancing the properties of starch films, starch-based nanoparticles can be used to produce high value-added products, such as the biodegradable carriers for drug delivery [113].…”

“…Starch-based nanoparticles with desired sizes can be produced using amylases or/and debranching enzymes to digest the α-1,4-glucosidic or α-1,6-glucosidic bonds in starch. Enzymatic hydrolysis is likely to yield homogeneous nanoparticles when the starch contains more A and B type short chains with an average DP of 14-18 [112]. Sun et al reported a method of producing starch granules of 60-120 nm in size from maize waxy starch that has 99% amylopectin [114].…”

Synthesis of Biologically Decomposable Terpolymer Nanocapsules and Higher‐Order Nanoassemblies Using RCMP‐PISA

“…Bio‐responsive (bio‐decomposable) polymeric assemblies have attracted attention in, e.g., drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, and bioimaging applications. [ 21–24 ] A possible advantage of use of polymeric (diblock or triblock) assemblies is prolonged circulation of drugs in the body. In the present paper, bio‐decomposable assemblies mean assemblies that can decompose in biological conditions because either a part of the polymer or the entire polymer is biodegradable.…”