“…Recently, academic researchers and public planners have given increased attention to the social impact of mega events since this has been stated to be equally as important as their economic impact (Humphreys, Johnson, Mason, & Whitehead, 2011;Kim, Gursoy, & Lee, 2006;Wicker, Prinz, & Hanau, 2011). It has been found that hosting mega events provides many opportunities to increase publicity and establish a new image for the host city (Kim et al, 2006;Kim & Petrick, 2005;Mihalik & Simoneita, 1998;Wei & Yu, 2006). Furthermore, success in competition creates excitement and gives a positive effect on civic pride in the host city (Kim & Petrick, 2005;Ohmann, Jones, & Wilkes, 2007;Ritchie, Shipway, & Cleeve, 2009;Soutar & McLeod, 1993).…”