Static and Dynamic Components of the Redshift

Abstract

We analyse the possibility that the observed cosmological redshift may be cumulatively due to the expansion of the universe and the tired light phenomenon. Since the source of both the redshifts is the same, they both independently relate to the same proper distance of the light source. Using this approach we have developed a hybrid model combining the Einstein de Sitter model and the tired light model that yields a slightly better fit to Supernovae Ia redshift data using one parameter than the standard ΛCDM model with two parameters. We have shown that the ratio of tired light component to the Einstein de Sitter component of redshift has evolved from 2.5 in the past, corresponding to redshift 1000, to its present value of 1.5. The hybrid model H . Consequently, the critical density is only 16% of its currently accepted value; a lot less dark matter is needed to make up the critical density. In addition, the best data fit yields the cosmological constant density parameter 0 Λ Ω =. The tired light effect may thus be considered equivalent to the cosmological constant in the hybrid model.

SNe Ia Redshift in a Nonadiabatic Universe

“…Fitted data curves for the three models in Table 1. The first one has been labeled as EDSM-NA since it is the non-adiabatic version of the EDSM model (flat, matter only, including Mach effect) in reference [11]. The second curve is labeled as EdeS-NA as it is the non-adiabatic version of the Einstein de Sitter model (flat, matter only universe).…”

“…Hubble constant obtained by the two models is almost the same, in fact the non-adiabatic Machexpansion hybrid model EDSM-NA gives a lower value, 0 = 68.28 (±0.53) km s -1 Mpc -1 , very close to 68.1 km s -1 Mpc -1 sought by cosmic microwave background data from Plank and WMAP space crafts. It may therefore be possible to dispense with the cosmological constant after all, and corresponding perpetually elusive dark energy, in the spirit of Einstein who always wanted to correct his greatest mistake!Appendix AIn this Appendix, our objective is to show how to obtain Equations(12) and(14) from Equation(11). Equation (11) may be rewritten as this equation from the free online solver Wolfram Alpha (http://www.wolframalpha.com) is…”

Varying Physical Constants, Astrometric Anomalies, Redshift and Hubble Units

“…As we know the radiation energy density is negligible at present, and dark energy Λ is implicitly included in the above formulation, so we need to be concerned with the matter only solutions, i.e., with w = 0. The deceleration parameter q 0 has been analytically determined on the premise that expansion of the universe and the tired light phenomena are jointly responsible for the observed redshift, especially in the limit of very low redshift [36]. One could see it as if the tired light effect is superimposed on the Einstein de Sitter's matter only universe rather than the cosmological constant [37].…”

Weighing Cosmological Models with SNe Ia and Gamma Ray Burst Redshift Data

“…Since the proper distance of the light emitting source is the same whether it is determined by expansion of the universe or by the tired light, this fact can be used to determine the ratio in which the two causes share the redshift. The distance modulus is written as follows [16]:…”

“…(28) In order to be consistent with other models, we have added the last term on the right hand side of Equation 28to see how much of the luminosity loss factor is unaccounted for when q 0 has been fixed to a value determined by alternative methods. For example, q 0 = −0.4 is determined analytically in the adiabatic hybrid model [16]. When this value of q 0 is substituted in Equation 28, it becomes…”