Static and dynamic properties of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers with internal photonic crystal waveguides

Ivanov, P; Vogiatzis, N; Rorison, Judy M

doi:10.1109/nusod.2008.4668259

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Recently, it has been shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that there are effects of optical losses alongside the effect of waveguiding in type I PC-VCSELs [21][22][23][24]. Optical losses result from mechanic removal of reflective DBR layers and interfaces during the selective etching of 2d PC holes.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with incorporated photonic crystals for transverse mode control

Ivanov¹,

Ho²,

Cryan³

et al. 2012

Semicond. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Existing problems in the development of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with photonic crystals (PC-VCSELs) for transverse mode control are reviewed. The theoretical background of VCSELs with PCs incorporated within their top distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) (type I PC-VCSELs) and VCSELs with PCs incorporated within their cavity (type II PC-VCSELs) is introduced. Their fabrication using focused ion-beam (FIB) etching is discussed. It is shown that type I single-mode PC-VCSELs suffer from low optical power and poor small-signal modulation performance due to the reduction of the reflectivity of the top DBR introduced by the PC. The problem is expected to be reduced in type II PC-VCSELs that are being investigated now. One approach to the fabrication of type II PC-VCSELs is described.

show abstract

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After these results, VCSELs with 2d PC (PC-VCSELs) have been investigated in great detail by many groups [18][19][20]. It was observed that these PC-VCSELs had degraded optical power and somewhat reduced small-signal modulation characteristics [21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with incorporated photonic crystals for transverse mode control

Ivanov¹,

Ho²,

Cryan³

et al. 2012

Semicond. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The PC is usually introduced by etching air holes into the top DBR [4][5][6][7][8][9], thereby reducing the effective reflection coefficient of this DBR. The effect of optical losses due to etched holes has been addressed in a few recent works [14][15][16][17][18]. The reflectivity of the etched DBRs is crucial in understanding effects in PC-VCSELs and their modelling because it influences the photon lifetime and optical output power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling investigations of DBRs and cavities with photonic crystal holes for application in VCSELs

Ivanov¹,

Ho²,

Cryan³

et al. 2012

J. Opt.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We investigate the reflection spectra of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and DBR cavities with and without photonic crystal holes fabricated within them. A finite-difference time domain (FDTD) electromagnetic model which is considered to provide the exact solution of Maxwell equations is used as a reference model. Two simplified modelling approaches are compared to the FDTD results: an effective index model where the individual DBR constituent layers penetrated by holes possess an effective index and a spatial loss model where optical losses are introduced spatially where the holes are fabricated. Results of the FDTD and the spatial loss model show that optical loss determines the properties of an etched DBR and DBR cavity when the lattice constant of the holes of exceeds 1 μm and the hole depth is small. The spatial loss model compares well to the FDTD results for holes with a lattice period exceeding 1 μm. We also consider the realistic effect of angling the sides of the etched holes.

show abstract

Static and dynamic properties of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers with internal photonic crystal waveguides

Cited by 2 publications

References 11 publications

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with incorporated photonic crystals for transverse mode control

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with incorporated photonic crystals for transverse mode control

Modelling investigations of DBRs and cavities with photonic crystal holes for application in VCSELs

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About