Statistical approach to identify Naples city’s real driving cycle referring to the Worldwide harmonized Light duty Test Cycle (WLTC) framework

Abstract

In the context of sustainability, which requires an interdisciplinary approach, evaluation of car emissions and strategies for their reductions plays a fundamental role. Any sustainable private transport solutions could be proposed solely from the integration of many disciplines, architects, environmentalists, policy makers, and so it may be addressed with different approaches. These solutions would be applied at different geographical levels, i.e. national, regional or urban scale. In addition, it is fundamental to keep in mind that nowadays, the new Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures (WLTP) and Worldwide harmonized Light duty Test Cycle (WLTC) cycle will reproduce a situation closer to the reality with respect to the Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC)/New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) driving cycle. During the research activities of the DRIVE IN 2 project (DRIVEr monitoring: technologies, methodologies, and IN-vehicle INnovative systems for safe and eco-compatible driving), that involved universities, public research institutions and automobile companies, an experimental campaign was realized in the roads of Naples city. So, instrumented vehicles for the simultaneous acquisition of kinematic variables, localization and emissions data have been used. Until now, data are analyzed for each specific vehicle with the aim of investigating a correlation between vehicle kinematics and relative emissions of regulated pollutants. Here the attention will be focused on the global results strictly from a kinematic point of view. Therefore, we will present driving cycles representative of the real behaviour of cars on two typical city paths, one very flat and the other run over hill. Real driving emissions were acquired during the experimental campaign with Portable Emissions Measurement Sustainable Development and Planning VIII 555 System (PEMS) and precise geolocalization data were registered by Global Positioning System (GPS). The collected kinematic database was analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis to obtain a cluster of speed parts, each of them representative of a driving mode, start&stop, cruise, acceleration, deceleration and the initial phase of a trip. Finally, applying some statistical criteria, and going in the same direction of a WLTC approach, a driving cycle composed of a succession of speed parts was built.

Statistically supported real driving emission calibration: Using cycle generation to provide vehicle-specific and statistically representative test scenarios for Euro 7

“…is particularly suitable for development and validation. 9,11–20 Therefore, the objective is to develop a uniform test and validation methodology for reliable compliance with RDE requirements and robust emission calibration. The first step toward this goal must consequently be the development of a methodology that allows existing tests and driving profiles to be compared quantitatively.…”

“…10 Current approaches either deal with the creation of geographically and regionally realistic driving scenarios or with synthetic profiles with significantly high driving dynamics aiming to cause maximized emissions. 10–17,19 The individual combination of vehicle and powertrain, the influence of calibration and performance of exhaust after-treatment systems over lifetime are not considered in these methods. 10,38 The “WLTP random cycle-generator” approach considered by the European Union (EU) takes vehicle-related input parameters such as vehicle mass, driving resistance coefficients and effective engine power into account when creating the cycle.…”

“…10,38 The “WLTP random cycle-generator” approach considered by the European Union (EU) takes vehicle-related input parameters such as vehicle mass, driving resistance coefficients and effective engine power into account when creating the cycle. Two Markov chains (commonly used for cycle generation) whose statistical background is based on the worldwide harmonized light duty vehicles test cycle (WLTC) database are used to 13–16,39–42…”

Pasado y presente en el diagnóstico de los motores en los talleres de servicio automotor. Del vacuómetro a los sistemas basados en la nube

“…La información adquirida con el sistema ensamblado puede utilizarse para fines que van desde estudios de evaluación de ciclos de conducción (como los realizados por Amarasinghe et al, 2015;Della Ragione;Meccariello, 2016;Romero et al, 2017;Achour;Olabi, 2016), análisis de modos de conducción Pan;Lu, 2015), estudios de dinámica de tracción y frenado del automóvil (Ahmed: Morris; Kapadia; Kok, 2019), estudios de estabilidad de desempeño (Preda;Covaciu;Ciolan;Dima, 2008), estudio de caracterización de sistemas y componentes, y estudios de diagnóstico de operación (Alessandrini;Filippi;Orecchini;Ortenzi, 2006;Shaw et al, 2019). La validez, exactitud y alcance de los estudios realizados estará limitada por la relativa exactitud y resolución de la información aportada por el sistema de adquisición (OBD-interfaz ELM327-aplicación).…”

Real Driving Emissions—Conception of a Data-Driven Calibration Methodology for Hybrid Powertrains Combining Statistical Analysis and Virtual Calibration Platforms

“…In contrast to system-specific approaches, there are those that focus on real-world routes or realistic driving styles that are intended to represent real driving behavior with as little synthetic influences as possible [42][43][44][51][52][53][54][55][56]. Testing of real driving routes is often transferred to a test bench environment to increase reproducibility and to use highly accurate measurement systems.…”