Status Offenders/Offenses

Mahoney, Margaret; Farina, Katie A.

doi:10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj046

The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice 2013

DOI: 10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj046

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Status Offenders/Offenses

Margaret Mahoney¹,

Katie A. Farina²

Abstract: Status offenders are a specific offender group whose illegal behavior is only viewed as illegal because they are under the age of majority. The same actions committed by those above the age of majority would not be viewed as illegal. Truancy, running away from home, incorrigibility (e.g., disobeying parents/guardians), violating curfew, and alcohol possession are the most common status offenses.

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Cited by 1 publication

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Production and Polymerization of Biobased Acrylates and Analogs

Fouilloux

Thomas

2021

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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To prepare biobased polymers, particular attention must be paid to the obtention of the monomers from which they are derived. (Meth)acrylates and their analogs constitute such a class of monomers that have been extensively studied due to the wide range of polymers accessible from them. This review therefore aims to highlight the progresses made in the production and polymerization of (meth)acrylates and their analogs. Acrylic acid production from biomass is close to commercialization, as three different high‐potential intermediates are identified: glycerol, lactic acid, and 3‐hydroxypropionic acid. Biobased methacrylic acid is less common, but several promising options are available, such as the decarboxylation of itaconic acid or the dehydration of 2‐hydroxyisobutyric acid. Itaconic acid is also a vinylic monomer of great interest, and polymers derived from it have already found commercial applications. Methylene butyrolactones are promising monomers, obtained from bioresources via three different intermediates: levulinic, succinic, or itaconic acid. Although expensive, methylene butyrolactones have a strong potential for the production of high‐performance polymers. Finally, β‐substituted acrylic monomers, such as cinnamic, fumaric, muconic, or crotonic acid, are also examined, as they provide an original access to biobased materials from various renewable raw materials, such as protein waste, lignin, or wastewater.

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Production and Polymerization of Biobased Acrylates and Analogs

Fouilloux

Thomas

2021

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Status Offenders/Offenses

Cited by 1 publication

References 19 publications

Production and Polymerization of Biobased Acrylates and Analogs

Production and Polymerization of Biobased Acrylates and Analogs

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