Steel, 5. Microstructures, Properties, and Adjustment of Properties

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Microstructure 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Phase Diagrams of Iron Alloys 1.3. Definitions 1.4. Microstructures in Plain Carbon Steels 1.5. Microstructures of Alloy Steels 2. Properties 2.1. Mechanical Properties 2.1.1. Behavior Under Unidirectional Loads, at and Below Room Temperature 2.1.2. Behavior Under Cyclic Loading 2.1.3. Behavior at Higher Temperatures 2.2. Chemical Properties 2.2.1. Introduction 2.2.2. Uniform Corrosion 2.2.3. Atmospheric Corrosion 2.2.4. Passivation 2.2.5. Pitting Corrosion 2.2.6. Crevice Corrosion 2.2.7. Intergranular Corrosion of Stainless Steels 2.2.8. Stress Corrosion Cracking 2.2.9. Hydrogen Adsorption and Hydrogen Embrittlement 2.2.10. Oxidation of Iron 2.2.11. Oxidation of Carbon Steels and Low‐Alloy Steels 2.2.12. High‐Temperature Steels 2.2.13. Effects of Chlorine in Oxidation 2.2.14. Sulfidation of Iron and Steel 2.2.15. Carburization 2.2.16. Nitriding 2.2.17. Decarburization, Denitriding, and Hydrogen Attack 2.3. Physical Properties 2.3.1. Pure Iron 2.3.2. α‐Iron Solid Solutions 2.3.3. γ‐Iron Solid Solutions 2.3.4. Other Effects of Structure 3. Heat Treatment 3.1. Time ‐ Temperature Transformation Diagrams 3.2. Heat Treatment of Transformable Steels 3.2.1. Austenitizing 3.2.2. Transformations 3.2.3. Effect of Dimensions 3.2.4. Quenching and Tempering 3.2.5. Spheroidized Annealing 3.2.6. Thermomechanical Treatment 3.2.7. Surface Hardening 3.3. Heat Treatment Without Transformation 3.3.1. Recrystallization 3.4. Simulation of Heat Treatment