Steel-shot method for measuring the density of soils

Freeman, Robert R.; Gartrell, Chad A.; Wakeley, Lillian D.; Berney, Ernest S.; Kelley, Julie R.

doi:10.1139/t10-034

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Both the sand cone and the water balloon density tests have American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) certification as density methods. Recently, devices based on measuring electrical properties of the soil have emerged (Gamache et al 2009 andFreeman et al 2010). These new technologies, most with already accepted ASTM standards, include Time Domain Reflectometery (TDR) and Dielectrics (DI).…”

Section: Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The steel shot replacement device (SS) was developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a volume replacement test for use as an expedient alternative to the SC to measure wet density. Freeman et al (2010) describes this test in detail. Density is determined by the soil mass removed from a hole divided by the volume of the hole.…”

Section: Steel Shot Replacementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-Nuclear Alternatives to Monitoring Moisture-Density Response in Soils

Berney¹,

Mejías-Santiago²,

Kyzar³

2013

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During the period May-August 2010, researchers of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center in Vicksburg, MS, tested the effectiveness of various devices to determine the dry density, or modulus, of soils for horizontal construction. These tests were conducted to determine a usable alternative to the soil nuclear density gauge. The accuracy and precision of the different testing devices were compared to the density values obtained from the soil nuclear density gauge. The devices and techniques that were tested are grouped into four broad families: nuclear, electrical, volume replacement, and modulus-based. The nuclear device was the nuclear density gauge that was included for comparison purposes. Electrical devices that were tested were the electrical density gauge, the moisture + density indicator, and the soil density gauge. Volume replacement densitydetermining techniques; were the sand cone, the steel shot, and the water balloon tests. Modulus-based devices were two different lightweight deflectometers, a dynamic cone penetrometer, the Clegg Hammer, and the GeoGauge. This investigation consisted of full-scale construction of seven soils representing a range of materials encountered in operational construction activities. Soils ranged from fine-grained silts and clays to coarsegrained gravels and crushed limestone. The test results indicated that the soil density gauge corrected with a sand cone density measurement, demonstrated the optimal combination of precision and accuracy compared to the nuclear density gauge. Results of the tests are presented and include (a) comparisons of the dry densities of the various devices to the reported dry densities of the nuclear gauge, (b) ranking of the density devices according to agreement with the nuclear density gauge, and (c) field results of modulus-based devices. Results will be used to provide further guidance for selection of appropriate devices for field determination of soil density. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

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Section: Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Steel Shot Replacementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Nuclear Alternatives to Monitoring Moisture-Density Response in Soils

Berney¹,

Mejías-Santiago²,

Kyzar³

2013

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“…However, these techniques are especially sensitive to the size of the hole dug to determine the volume of soil removed. The sand cone and water balloon have been identified as the most common volume replacement devices; the steel shot replacement device is a recent military development (13). Each technique measures the weight of wet soil excavated from a hole and uses a known volume of material to fill the hole.…”

Section: Volume Replacement Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Nonnuclear Soil Moisture and Density Devices for Field Quality Control

Berney

Kyzar²

2012

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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When new transportation infrastructure is constructed or current infrastructure systems undergo maintenance, sufficient soil strength is critical to a successful construction effort. Currently, soil design specifications are given for a minimum soil density and a specified range of soil moisture content. Quality control is achieved by monitoring the soil density and moisture content throughout the construction process. The nuclear density gauge (NDG) is most commonly employed to determine soil density and moisture content because of its ease of use, speed of readings, and reliability of results. However, potential safety hazards and rigorous user certification requirements have led many agencies to seek alternative devices. This paper focuses on a portion of a much larger study that compared a wide range of compaction control devices; the paper also assesses the performance of devices that measure soil density and moisture content. Several new, commercially available alternatives for the measurement of soil density were tested on various soil types and conditions to determine which device performed best and most consistently. For the same soil types and conditions, several devices and techniques for the determination of soil moisture content were also tested. The combination of the TransTech soil density gauge and the heated frying pan–open flame field moisture content techniques represented the best alternative to the NDG.

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“…Los métodos mencionados presentan algunas desventajas, así, en el método nuclear se observó que no era demasiado confiable en el cálculo de la humedad de la muestra, asimismo su manipulación es peligrosa para los operadores y el medio ambiente. Mientras que el cono de arena presenta problemas en condiciones de alta humedad, debido a la dificultad de la calibración de la arena y su manejo, además consta de muchos pasos generando demora en su ejecución y necesita de un técnico para su operación [5] [6].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Estimación de la densidad seca de un relleno granular utilizando el penetrómetro dinámico de cono

LÓPEZ

Rojas

2023

Gaceta Técnica

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El control de calidad de un relleno generalmente se realiza con métodos estandarizados, como el cono de arena y el densímetro nuclear, pero se viene planteando un método alternativo, el penetrómetro dinámico de cono, que usualmente se utiliza para calcular la relación de soporte de California in situ. En esta investigación se utilizó el penetrómetro dinámico de cono para efectuar el control de calidad de un suelo de grava limosa arcillosa con arena. Primeramente se caracterizó el material, se realizaron los ensayos básicos y específicos, por otro parte, se realizó un relleno de prueba de 12,00m de longitud dividida en siete zonas, compactados con diferentes energías, realizándose pruebas de cono de arena y penetrómetro dinámico de cono. Con los datos obtenidos se determinó una ecuación de correlación, donde, el índice de penetrómetro dinámico de cono fue la variable independiente y la densidad seca la variable dependiente. Con la ecuación se procedió a calcular de densidad seca de una plataforma compactada con una sola energía de prueba de 2,40x2,40m, se estimó una buena correlación entre la densidad seca compactada e índice de penetrómetro dinámico de cono, mostrando así la posibilidad de su uso en el control de calidad de un relleno granular. En la comparación de la densidad seca calculada a partir de la ecuación de correlación, y la densidad hallada con el cono de arena se observó que varía alrededor de un 6%

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Steel-shot method for measuring the density of soils

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Non-Nuclear Alternatives to Monitoring Moisture-Density Response in Soils

Non-Nuclear Alternatives to Monitoring Moisture-Density Response in Soils

Evaluation of Nonnuclear Soil Moisture and Density Devices for Field Quality Control

Estimación de la densidad seca de un relleno granular utilizando el penetrómetro dinámico de cono

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