Stem cell-based regenerative medicine

Abstract

Definition and history of stem cell Stem cells are one of the main cells of the human body that have ability to grow more than 200 types of body cells (1). Stem cells, as non-specialized cells, can be transformed into highly specialized cells in the body (2). In the other words, Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with self-renewal potential, differentiation into several types of cells and excessive proliferation (3). In the past, it was believed that stem cells can only differentiate into mature cells of the same organ. Today, there are many evidences to show that stem cells can differentiate into the other types of cell as well as ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. The numbers of stem cells are different in the tissues such as bone marrow, liver, heart, kidney, and etc. (3,4). Over the past 20 years, much attention has been paid to stem cell biology. Therefore, there was a profound increase in the understanding of its characteristics and the therapeutic potential for its application (5). Today, the utilization of these cells in experimental research and cell therapy represents in such disorders including hematological, skin regeneration and heart disease in both human and veterinary medicine (6).The history of stem cells dates back to the 1960s, when Friedenstein and colleagues isolated, cultured and differentiated to osteogenic cell lineage of bone marrow-derived cells from guinea pigs (7). This project created a new perspective on stem cell research. In the following, other researchers discovered that the bone marrow contains fibroblastlike cells with congenic potential in vitro, which were

Fat Therapeutics: The Clinical Capacity of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Exosomes for Human Disease and Tissue Regeneration

“…This a process associated with improved insulin resistance (Ross et al, 2014). Bariatric surgery reduces both visceral and subcutaneous fat, leading to overall improved metabolic profiles (Rajabzadeh et al, 2019), however surgery to remove subcutaneous fat (liposuction or abdominoplasty) do not lead to improved metabolic profiles (Ross et al, 2014). The largest amount of visceral fat occurs at level of umbilicus and the greatest amount of subcutaneous fat is found in the region of the buttocks; however, these distributions may vary significantly with gender (Mizuno, 2009).…”

“…Adipose dysregulation is fundamental to several important human disease states, such as obesity, chronic lymphedema and lipedema. In contrast to the unwanted effects of excess adipose tissue accumulation, however, adipose tissue also plays a critical physiological role (Fujimoto and Parton, 2011;Rajabzadeh et al, 2019). In humans, fat performs key functions, including energy storage and metabolism, thermoregulation, shock absorption and hormone metabolism (Nishimura et al, 2000;Yoshimura K, 2010).…”

“…An adipose derived stem cell (ADSC) is defined as a mesenchymal cell within adipose tissue with multipotent differentiation and self-renewal capacity. Adult stem cells have found an important role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, as they may be used to develop novel treatment approaches (Rajabzadeh et al, 2019). In particular, ADSCs are a most promising cell type for translational potential and for cellbased regenerative therapies, as they provide a new and unique source for multipotent stem cells that boasts ease and reproducibility of isolation using minimally invasive techniques with low morbidity.…”

Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Novel Target to Optimize Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Protocols in Hematological Malignancies and Rare Genetic Disorders

“…Use of MSCs to repair damaged cartilage and other tissues, such as tendons, ligaments, and intervertebral discs, represents a novel and promising therapeutic strategy, especially for those tissues with avascular nature [86,87]. MSCs have been also employed for the regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS), heart and liver, cornea, and trachea [88]. In these cases, MSCs are thought to promote regeneration by secreting paracrine factors, despite there is no clear explanation.…”

Challenges and advances in stem cell therapy

“…Stem cell therapy, also known as regenerative medicine, uses stem cells and their derivatives to promote repair of damaged, diseased, or dysfunctional tissue. Heart disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, hair loss, and even aging are all expected to benefit from this therapy (3).…”