Abstract:Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative impairment
mainly recognized by memory loss and cognitive deficits. However, the current therapies against AD are mostly limited to palliative medications, prompting researchers to investigate more efficient therapeutic approaches for AD, such as stem cell therapy. Recent evidence has proposed that extensive neuronal and synaptic loss and altered adult neurogenesis, which is perceived pivotal in terms of plasticity and network maintenance, occurs ear… Show more
“…Each type of stem cell has its particular advantages and disadvantages, which require understanding the characteristics of the various stem cell types and their rational design based on the desired application and outcome. 5 , 38 Figure 1 Advantages and limitations of various types of stem cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. …”
“…Each type of stem cell has its particular advantages and disadvantages, which require understanding the characteristics of the various stem cell types and their rational design based on the desired application and outcome. 5,38…”
Neurodegeneration is characterized by progressive, disabling, and incurable neurological disorders with the massive loss of specific neurons. As one of the most promising potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases, stem cell therapy exerts beneficial effects through different mechanisms, such as direct replacement of damaged or lost cells, secretion of neurotrophic and growth factors, decreased neuroinflammation, and activation of endogenous stem cells. However, poor survival and differentiation rates of transplanted stem cells, insufficient homing ability, and difficulty tracking after transplantation limit their further clinical use. The rapid development of nanotechnology provides many promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications, which already have many applications in neurodegenerative disease treatment and seem to be able to compensate for some of the deficiencies in stem cell therapy, such as transport of stem cells/genes/drugs, regulating stem cell differentiation, and real-time tracking in stem cell therapy. Therefore, nanotherapeutic strategies combined with stem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic approach to treating neurodegenerative diseases. The present review systematically summarizes recent advances in stem cell therapeutics and nanotherapeutic strategies and highlights how they can be combined to improve therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
“…Each type of stem cell has its particular advantages and disadvantages, which require understanding the characteristics of the various stem cell types and their rational design based on the desired application and outcome. 5 , 38 Figure 1 Advantages and limitations of various types of stem cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. …”
“…Each type of stem cell has its particular advantages and disadvantages, which require understanding the characteristics of the various stem cell types and their rational design based on the desired application and outcome. 5,38…”
Neurodegeneration is characterized by progressive, disabling, and incurable neurological disorders with the massive loss of specific neurons. As one of the most promising potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases, stem cell therapy exerts beneficial effects through different mechanisms, such as direct replacement of damaged or lost cells, secretion of neurotrophic and growth factors, decreased neuroinflammation, and activation of endogenous stem cells. However, poor survival and differentiation rates of transplanted stem cells, insufficient homing ability, and difficulty tracking after transplantation limit their further clinical use. The rapid development of nanotechnology provides many promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications, which already have many applications in neurodegenerative disease treatment and seem to be able to compensate for some of the deficiencies in stem cell therapy, such as transport of stem cells/genes/drugs, regulating stem cell differentiation, and real-time tracking in stem cell therapy. Therefore, nanotherapeutic strategies combined with stem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic approach to treating neurodegenerative diseases. The present review systematically summarizes recent advances in stem cell therapeutics and nanotherapeutic strategies and highlights how they can be combined to improve therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
“…In addition, IONP‐loaded MSCs acquire magnetic properties and can be enriched in the brain parenchyma under an external magnetic field, reducing adverse effects caused by off‐target activity (Figure 7A). [118] In addition, MSCs and other exogenous stem cells (mainly pluripotent stem cells and neuronal stem cells [197] ) can be transformed into highly differentiated somatic cells. Traditionally, the differentiation behavior of stem cells is regulated by environmental factors, such as cytokines, nutritional status, and mechanical stress [198] .…”
Section: Nanomedicines For Stem Cell Therapymentioning
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Because of the complex pathogenesis of AD and the unique location of AD lesions, effective clinical treatment strategies for this disease remain elusive. However, the development of nanotechnology has allowed a new era of AD treatment to emerge. AD nanomedicines are products of interdisciplinary research that enable high precision and targeted delivery. Additionally, they can specifically regulate various pathogenic factors. This review focuses on nanomedicines based on the pathological mechanisms of AD that can target AD lesions. We also discuss the precise regulatory effects of nanomedicines (including the nanomaterials themselves) on pathogenic proteins, neuroinflammatory molecules, and other pathogenic factors. We summarize the clinical trials that have examined new AD drugs, highlighting the development of new nanomedicines and the progress in their clinical translation. Nanotechnology‐based AD treatment is a nascent field, and a complete cure is distant at present; therefore, we also elaborate on the shortcomings of current AD nanomedicines. Finally, we discuss the prospects to guide the future development of AD nanomedicines.
“…Although stem cell treatments have shown efficacy in animal models, various human studies in AD patients have had unfavorable outcomes [77]. To date, there have been no clinical trials involving NSCs the treatment of AD.…”
Section: Challenges Of Nsc-based Therapy In Admentioning
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive dementia, is one of the world’s most dangerous and debilitating diseases. Clinical trial results of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau regulators based on the pretext of straightforward amyloid and tau immunotherapy were disappointing. There are currently no effective strategies for slowing the progression of AD. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying AD and the development of novel therapeutic options are critical. Neurogenesis is impaired in AD, which contributes to memory deficits. Transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) can regenerate degraded cholinergic neurons, and new neurons derived from NSCs can form synaptic connections with neighboring neurons. In theory, employing NSCs to replace and restore damaged cholinergic neurons and brain connections may offer new treatment options for AD. However there remain barriers to surmount before NSC-based therapy can be used clinically. The objective of this article is to describe recent advances in the treatment of AD models and clinical trials involving NSCs. In addition, we discuss the challenges and prospects associated with cell transplant therapy for AD.
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