Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: An Advanced Horizon to Cancer Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

Cancer research has made significant progress in recent years, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) based cancer investigation reveals several facts about cancer. Exosomes are a subpopulation of EVs. In the present decade, exosomes is mostly highlighted for cancer theranostic research. Tumor cell derived exosomes (TEXs) promote cancer but there are multiple sources of exosomes that can be used as cancer therapeutic agents (plant exosomes, stem cell-derived exosomes, modified or synthetic exosomes). Stem cells based regenerative medicine faces numerous challenges, such as promote tumor development, cellular reprogramming etc., and therefore addressing these complications becomes essential. Stem cell-derived exosomes serves as an answer to these problems and offers a better solution. Global research indicates that stem cell-derived exosomes also play a dual role in the cellular system by either inhibiting or promoting cancer. Modified exosomes which are genetically engineered exosomes or surface modified exosomes to increase the efficacy of the therapeutic properties can also be considered to target the above concerns. However, the difficulties associated with the exosomes include variations in exosomes heterogenity, isolation protocols, large scale production, etc., and these have to be managed effectively. In this review, we explore exosomes biogenesis, multiple stem cell-derived exosome sources, drug delivery, modified stem cells exosomes, clinical trial of stem cells exosomes, and the related challenges in this domain and future orientation. This article may encourage researchers to explore stem cell-derived exosomes and develop an effective and affordable cancer therapeutic solution.

Therapeutic Potential and Challenges of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Systematic Review

“…Their immunomodulatory effects make them particularly interesting, and depending on their origin, they are easier to extract, especially ASCs. However, as MSCs are transferred, they proportionally lose their capacity to produce exosomes [ 69 , 70 ]. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are attractive given their origin as de-differentiated somatic cells.…”

The prospective trajectory of exosomes‐based cancer nanomedicine

“…[10] Stem cell-derived exosomes show promising cancer healing properties (but the duel nature of stem cell-derived exosomes causes complications, a modified version of it is a more effective approach in cancer targeting). [11] Treatments in the form of exosome nano-vehicles can be used to target cancer inflammatory pathways including NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT and PI3K/AKT. [12] The development of a dual-aptamer containing a DNA ternary polymer with aptamers of co-existing proteins can be used to make a logic-gate reaction to detect the target of interest.…”