Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Nanovesicles: Promotion of Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Anti-Senescence for Treatment of Wound Damage and Skin Ageing

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, are nano-sized vesicles derived from endocytic membranes and contain biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, RNAs, and DNAs for the transfer of signals to recipient cells, playing significant roles in cell-to-cell communication. Discovery of exosomes has attracted attention for possible use as next generation therapies in clinical applications; however, several studies suggest that cells secrete exosomes that perform as mediators in the tumor niche and play several roles in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Recently, stem cell-derived exosomes have been suggested as a desirable source for regenerative medicine due to their roles in the promotion of angiogenesis via migratory and proliferative mechanisms. This review is aimed at demonstrating the present knowledge of stem cell-derived exosomes and cell-engineered nanovesicles (CNVs) as proliferative, migratory, and anti-senescent therapeutic biomaterial for use in tissue regeneration; wound healing and anti-ageing are explained. We conclude this review by discussing the future perspectives of stem cell-derived exosomes and CNVs as a platform in therapeutic strategies for treatment of wound damage and skin aging.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Applications in Regenerative Medicine

“…miR-132 plays a role in proliferation, as it can increase the activity of the STAT-3 and ERK pathways, thereby promoting keratinocyte growth. Exosomes loaded with miR-132 improved angiogenesis by increasing the tube formation of endothelial cells [211,289]. In a hypoxia-like environment, exosomes have been found to be abundant with miR-126, which aids in angiogenesis through downstream activation of PI3K/AKT signaling [292,293].…”

“…The major risk factors in this are underlying conditions such as aging, diabetes, and recalcitrant infections. Intemperate fibroblast activity results in hypertrophic scarring and may degenerate into keloids [210][211][212]. One of the promising approaches for this is an exploitation of cellular therapies using MSCs and the possible role of MSC-Exos in wound healing and regeneration [39].…”

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Secretome and Its Potential Application in “Stem Cell-Free Therapy”

“…Adipose-derived stem cells secrete exosomes (Figure 2) with a diameter of 30-100 nm [30] or according to other sources up to 150 nm [107,108]. Exosomes contain cytoskeleton, heat shock, and transmembrane proteins, enzymes, lipids, and DNA [102].…”

Application of Advanced Nanomaterials for Kidney Failure Treatment and Regeneration

“…Importantly, EVs contain various biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, RNA, DNA) that transfer the signals for recipient cells, inducing appropriate physiological responses [ 91 ]. EVs called cell-engineered nanovesicles may also be generated by mechanical disruption of plasma membranes [ 92 ]. A great body of evidence supports the theory that paracrine/endocrine effects of stem cells play a pivotal role in repairing the damaged tissues [ 93 ].…”