Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles in Skin Repair

Abstract

Stem cell extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been widely studied because of their excellent therapeutic potential. EVs from different types of stem cell can improve vascularization as well as aid in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The skin is a complex organ that is susceptible to various types of injury. Strategies designed to restore epithelial tissues’ integrity with stem cell EVs have shown promising results. Different populations of stem cell EVs are able to control inflammation, accelerate skin cell migration and proliferation, control wound scarring, improve angiogenesis, and even ameliorate signs of skin aging. However, large-scale production of such stem cell EVs for human therapy is still a challenge. This review focuses on recent studies that explore the potential of stem cell EVs in skin wound healing and skin rejuvenation, as well as challenges of their use in therapy.

Hopes and Limits of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in Wound Healing

“…As evidenced by most reports, ADSCs are able to secrete a rich secretome, whereby cell proliferation and differentiation, migration, and an improvement to the cellular and microenvironment protection occurred [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. This secretome corresponds to a panel of trophic factors, such as cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines, which allow ADSCs to act as paracrine tools that are more likely than cell replacement.…”

Epigenetic treatment of dermatologic disorders

“…Nrf2‐activating compounds are becoming staple ingredients in topically applied skin‐conditioning creams and other formulations that mitigate skin damage (Ahmed, ; Ben‐Nun, ; Braidy et al, ; Burke, ; Davinelli, Nielsen, & Scapagnini, ; Gorini et al, ; Huang, Wang, Yang, Chou, & Fang, ; Kocot, Kiełczykowska, Luchowska‐Kocot, Kurzepa, & Musik, ; Kunnumakkara et al, ; Lephart, ; Ríos, Giner, Marín, & Recio, ; Rodríguez‐Luna et al, ; Simitzis, ; Vega et al, , ; Vollmer et al, ; Yang et al, ; Yokota, Yahagi, & Masaki, ), promote skin repair (Bellot et al, ; Davinelli, Nielsen, & Scapagnini, ; Ferreira & Gomes, ; Kim et al, ; Yang et al, ), and enhance diabetic‐associated wound healing (Bellot et al, ; Ben‐Nun, ; Cuadrado et al, ; Ferreira & Gomes, ; Gorini et al, ; Huang et al, ; Kim et al, ; Kocot et al, ; Kunnumakkara et al, ; Panahi et al, ; Ríos et al, ; Sanchez, Lancel, Boulanger, & Neviere, ; Vega et al, ; Vega et al, ; Vollmer et al, ). With respect to the latter, almost a third of the world's population is considered to be overweight or obese (González‐Muniesa et al, ) and the percentage is rising to epidemic proportions (Blaszczak et al, ; Severin, Sabbahi, Mahmoud, Arena, & Phillips, ).…”

“…Nrf2-activating compounds are becoming staple ingredients in topically applied skin-conditioning creams and other formulations that mitigate skin damage (Ahmed, 2019;Ben-Nun, 2018;Braidy et al, 2019;Burke, 2018;Davinelli, Nielsen, & Scapagnini, 2018;Gorini et al, 2019;Huang, Wang, Yang, Chou, & Fang, 2018;Kocot, Kiełczykowska, Luchowska-Kocot, Kurzepa, & Musik, 2018;Kunnumakkara et al, 2017;Lephart, 2018;Ríos, Giner, Marín, & Recio, 2018;Rodríguez-Luna et al, 2018;Simitzis, 2018;Vega et al, 2017Vega et al, , 2018Vollmer et al, 2018;Yokota, Yahagi, & Masaki, 2018), promote skin repair (Bellot et al, 2019;Davinelli, Nielsen, & Scapagnini, 2018;Ferreira & Gomes, 2018;, and enhance diabeticassociated wound healing (Bellot et al, 2019;Ben-Nun, 2018;Cuadrado et al, 2019;Ferreira & Gomes, 2018;Gorini et al, 2019;Huang et al, 2018;Kocot et al, 2018;Kunnumakkara et al, 2017;Panahi et al, 2019;Ríos et al, 2018;Sanchez, Lancel, Boulanger, & Neviere, 2018;Vega et al, 2017;Vega et al, 2018;Vollmer et al, 2018).…”

Biological activity of mesenchymal stem cells secretome as a basis for cell-free therapeutic approach

“…There is evidence that the molecules produced by MSCs (secretomes), especially those packaged in extracellular vesicles (EVs), influence the tissue repair even better than the cells themselves (Lepperdinger et al 2008;Madrigal et al 2014;Dubey et al 2018;Ferreira and Gomes 2018;Pelizzo et al 2018;Campanella et al 2019;Lombardi et al 2019;Mitchell et al 2019).…”