Stem cell in neurodegenerative disorders; an emerging strategy

Abstract

Neurodegenerative disorders are a diversity of disorders, surrounding Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's diseases (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) accompanied by some other less common diseases generally characterized by either developed deterioration of central or peripheral nervous system structurally or functionally. Today, with the viewpoint of an increasingly aging society, the number of patients with neurodegenerative diseases and sociomedical burdens will spread intensely. During the last decade, stem cell technology has attracted great attention for treating neurodegenerative diseases worldwide because of its unique attributes. As acknowledged, there are several categories of stem cells being able to proliferate and differentiate into various cellular lineages, highlighting their significance in the context of regenerative medicine. In preclinical models, stem cell therapy using mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and neural progenitor or stem cells (NPCs or NSCs) along with pluripotent stem cells (PSCs)‐derived neuronal cells could elicit desired therapeutic effects, enabling functional deficit rescue partially. Regardless of the noteworthy progress in our scientific awareness and understanding of stem cell biology, there still exist various challenges to defeat. In the present review, we provide a summary of the therapeutic potential of stem cells and discuss the current status and prospect of stem cell strategy in neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, AD, PD, ALS, and HD.

Therapeutic utility of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based approaches in chronic neurodegeneration: a glimpse into underlying mechanisms, current status, and prospects

“…Researchers have sought different strategies to augment the efficiency of MSC-based therapy. Among them, preconditioning of MSCs (priming or genetic modification) has attracted increasing attention [ 75 , 178 – 180 ]. Cell priming entails the exposure of cells to growth conditions to mimic the in vivo microenvironment of injured tissue [ 181 ].…”

“…MSCs have also been observed to be capable of differentiating toward neural fates and secreting a variety of molecules (e.g., growth factors) that, in turn, aid nervous tissue preservation and repair (Fig. 1 ) [ 15 , 16 ]. There are several beneficial impacts of human MSC transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative disorders that have been identified, surrounding neurotropic factor-mediated neuroprotection, increased neurogenesis, dampened inflammation, and elimination of aberrant protein aggregates [ 17 – 19 ].…”

Stem Cell-based Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease

“…By 1.5 months post-transferring, prominent signs of hiPSC-NPCs survival culminated in marked improvement in spatial memory. Based on this, hiPSC-NPCs can be differentiated into cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the brain [ 54 , 76 ]. Researchers modified human ESCs to differentiate into basic forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) progenitors and implemented cells into the brain of AD rodent models.…”

Emerging role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-derived exosome in neurodegeneration-associated conditions: a groundbreaking cell-free approach

“…These effects are mostly elicited by secretion of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), such as glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and also producing anti-inflammatory mediators like transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) (Fig. 1) [1,18].…”