Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) – Turning Useless into Miracle: A Review Article

Abstract

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cells and has the ability to divide (through mitosis) to produce extra stem cells [1]. It is the ancestor at the top of the family tree of related cell types. Stem cells research is based on the knowledge about how a single cell leads to development of an organism and how damaged cells get replaced by healthy cells in adult organisms [2]. Based on the stage at which they are isolated stem cells can be categorized as embryogenic stem cells (ESCs) or adult stem cells. Embryogenic stem cells are totipotent being derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst during gastrulation. Even after having the greatest biological potential, ethical issue on the use of ESCs has precluded their widespread study, especially in humans [3]. These are obtained from in vitro fertilization, or aborted embryos 3 or 4 day old embryo [4]. Adult stem cells are derived from postnatal fully developed tissue and are believed to renew cell populations, Recent and exciting new discoveries place dentists at the forefront of helping their patients benefit from potentially life-saving therapies derived from stem cells. The tooth is store house for these precious stem cells, and there is an abundance of these cells in baby teeth, wisdom teeth, and permanent teeth. Obtaining stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) is simple and convenient, with little or no trauma. SHEDs exhibit higher proliferative rate than bone marrow-derived MSCs and greater osteogenic differentiation potency than human dental pulp stem cells.

Stem Cells: Impact on Regenerative Dentistry: A Review

“…Step 2: Stem cell isolation 1 When the tooth bank receives the vial, the following protocol is followed: With Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBSA), the tooth surface is cleaned by washing it three times without Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , disinfecting it with povidone-iodine, and then washing it again with PBSA. Using a small, sterile excavator or by directly flushing pulprich stem cells from the tooth's centre with salt water, the pulp tissue from the pulp chamber is isolated.…”

“…If the cell count is too low or too high, the recovery rate might be affected. 1 Third molar pulp tissue may be a suitable source of multipotent stem cells even after cryopreservation for upcoming tissue engineering techniques and cell-based therapies, according to Zhang et al ( 2006) who examined the differential potential of stem cells from the cryopreserved pulp of human third molars. 12…”

“…It is regarded as the predecessor of the genealogical tree of related cell types. 1 Based on their origin and capacity for differentiation, stem cells are divided into two groups: adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as MSCs, can be extracted from various tissues including the liver, synovial membrane, bone marrow, adipose tissue, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, placenta, and teeth.…”

“…Consequently, it is thought to be one of the candidate cell types for tissue regeneration. 1 colleagues learned about mouse reservoirs of cells that have characteristics similar to those of stem cells.…”

Tooth Regeneration: Turning Hopes into Realities

“…[2] With this procedure, disadvantage of other methods can overcome easily (i.e., apexification and artificial apical barrier techniques) which do not allow the continuation of root development, leading to a fragile root structure and moreover vitality of the tooth cannot be restored. [3] REPs work with the prerogative that the root canal space be free of contamination associated with a new stimulated blood supply can indeed reestablish vascularization, enhancing root completion. [2] dIscussIon Regenerative medicine holds promise for the restoration of tissues and organs and their vitality damaged by disease, trauma, cancer or congenital deformity.…”