Stigma in functional neurological disorder (FND) – A systematic review

McLoughlin, Caoimhe; McWhirter, Laura; Pisegna, Katerina; Tijssen, Marina A.J.; Tak, Lineke M.; Carson, Alan; Stone, Jon

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102460

Clinical Psychology Review

2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102460

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Stigma in functional neurological disorder (FND) – A systematic review

Caoimhe McLoughlin,

Laura McWhirter,

Katerina Pisegna

et al.

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Cited by 3 publications

References 227 publications

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The overlooked burden of persistent physical symptoms: a call for action in European healthcare

Toussaint,

Weigel,

Löwe

et al. 2025

The Lancet Regional Health - Europe

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The overlooked burden of persistent physical symptoms: a call for action in European healthcare

Toussaint,

Weigel,

Löwe

et al. 2025

The Lancet Regional Health - Europe

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Ask the Patient: Goals for Functional seizure treatment

Rush,

Kim,

Savinoff

et al. 2024

Epilepsy & Behavior

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Iatrogenic harm in functional neurological disorder

Mcloughlin,

Lee,

Carson

et al. 2024

Brain

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Functional neurological disorder (FND) is continuing to gain increasing recognition globally as a valid and potentially treatable disorder. Iatrogenic harm towards patients with FND is significant, however, and has been around for centuries. Despite advances in our understanding around the aetiology, pathophysiology and treatment of FND, many aspects of such harm continue to persist. Avoidance of iatrogenic harm has been highlighted by clinicians as one of the most important therapeutic considerations in FND; however, the sources and range of potential harms, or indeed ways to mitigate them, have not previously been summarized. Using a combination of clinical and research experience and scoping review methodology, this review aims to describe the main sources of iatrogenic harm towards patients with FND, including harm from misdiagnosis, delayed diagnosis and treatment, direct harm from professional interactions, other stigma-related harms, harm related to diagnostic overshadowing and over-diagnosis of FND. We also describe some potential ways to address and prevent such harms, such as ways to reduce misdiagnosis with a focus on rule in signs, optimizing teaching and communication, ensuring parity of FND with other medical conditions and continued integration of patient and professional organizations.

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Stigma in functional neurological disorder (FND) – A systematic review

Cited by 3 publications

References 227 publications

The overlooked burden of persistent physical symptoms: a call for action in European healthcare

The overlooked burden of persistent physical symptoms: a call for action in European healthcare

Ask the Patient: Goals for Functional seizure treatment

Iatrogenic harm in functional neurological disorder

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