Stimuli-responsive Hydrogels: Smart State of-the-art Platforms for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Biomedicine and tissue regeneration have made significant advancements recently, positively affecting the whole healthcare spectrum. This opened the way for them to develop their applications for revitalizing damaged tissues. Thus, their functionality will be restored. cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) using curative procedures that combine biomolecules, biomimetic scaffolds, and cells plays a critical part in this path. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels (SRHs) are excellent three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials for tissue engineering (TE) and various biomedical applications. They can mimic the intrinsic tissues' physicochemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics in a variety of ways. They also provide for 3D setup, adequate aqueous conditions, and the mechanical consistency required for cell development. Furthermore, they function as competent delivery platforms for various biomolecules. Many natural and synthetic polymers were used to fabricate these intelligent platforms with innovative enhanced features and specialized capabilities that are appropriate for CTE applications. In the present review, different strategies employed for CTE were outlined. The light was shed on the limitations of the use of conventional hydrogels in CTE. Moreover, diverse types of SRHs, their characteristics, assembly and exploitation for CTE were discussed. To summarize, recent development in the construction of SRHs increases their potential to operate as intelligent, sophisticated systems in the reconstruction of degenerated cardiac tissues.

Biomaterials-Based Hydrogels for Therapeutic Applications

“…Among the hydrogel types used for cardiac tissue are natural polymer hydrogels, synthetic polymer hydrogels, or hybrid hydrogels [107]. Research highlights the hydrogels with elastomeric, conductive, and oxygen-releasing properties and stimuli-responsive hydrogels, which have the ability to react to a range of physical, chemical, and biological stimuli, mimicking the cardiac tissue [108,109]. Liver tissue engineering projects the development of physiologically applicable liver models.…”

Impact of Adipose Tissue Depot Harvesting Site on the Multilineage Induction Capacity of Male Rat Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An In Vitro Study

“…Recent breakthroughs in biomedicine and tissue regeneration have significantly broadened the scope of healthcare [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Over the years, a wide range of therapeutic modalities and materials have been employed [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are among the highly investigated cell sources for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Comparison of Bovine- and Porcine-Derived Decellularized Biomaterials: Promising Platforms for Tissue Engineering Applications

“…The current scarcity of human organs and tissues appropriate for life-saving transplants is expected to persist in the future despite the great endeavors to close the donation gap [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Hence, it is highly crucial to introduce efficient alternatives to avoid the high incidence of deaths among patients that occur due to the long waiting lists for donor organs/tissues or due to receiving suboptimal treatments [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”