Stir bar sorptive extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic determination of carvedilol in human serum using two different polymeric phases and an ionic liquid as desorption solvent

Vortex-assisted liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction (VALLLME) technique: A new microextraction approach for direct liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis analysis

“…Due to the high binding of carvedilol with plasma proteins (> 98%), pretreatment step was required [30]. Several reported pretreatment methods were tested [31,[33][34][35][36][37][38]40]. The addition of HCl or in combination with methanol did not result in good recoveries.…”

“…However, PP, LLE and SPE methods suffered from many drawbacks such as consumption of large amounts of organic solvents and sample, time consuming and involve multi-extraction steps [32,34,38]. Although SBSE and DLLME generally provided better enrichments compared to the traditional extraction methods, carryover effect, the requirement of professional coating skills of the stir bar, the use of toxic organic solvents, long analysis time and prone to interferences are the main disadvantages of the reported methods [31,40].…”

“…In urine, 2-4% of the dosage is excreted unchanged [31]. Numerous methods have been reported for the determination of carvedilol in biological samples, this include protein precipitation (PP) [32,33], liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [34][35][36][37], solid phase extraction (SPE) [38,39], stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [40] and DLLME [31]. However, PP, LLE and SPE methods suffered from many drawbacks such as consumption of large amounts of organic solvents and sample, time consuming and involve multi-extraction steps [32,34,38].…”

Chemical Derivatization Processes Applied to Amine Determination in Samples of Different Matrix Composition

“…The SBSE technique offers several advantages that have been described in many review papers 108,[122][123][124] . Some limitations are described 108,122 , for example since a single apolar polymer covers the stir bar, it may only be applied to semi-volatile thermo-stable compounds when thermal desorption is used as a back-extraction mode.…”

“…The first mode is using HF-LPME coupled with injection port-derivatization 123 . In the second mode, pure solvent is used to extract the analytes of interest with derivatization on a GC column 136,137 .…”