“…When we reviewed the literature, flight scheduling problems, fleet assignment, aircraft routing, crew scheduling, workforce planning, revenue management, fuel management, airline irregular operations, gate assignment, aircraft boarding strategy, hub and spoke network planning, demand planning, maintenance planning, onboard catering, arrival scheduling, departure scheduling, runway scheduling are commonly studied airport and airline operations and scheduling problems. Although flight scheduling, arrival scheduling, departure scheduling, and hub and spoke network optimization have been widely studied in the literature, the problem of arrival and departure synchronization and optimization has not been addressed as in this study (Pita et al 2013), (Rathinam et al 2009), (Bazargan 2010), (Dong et al 2016), (Sedehzadeh et al 2016), (Bao and Hua 2017), (Ng et al 2017), (Fan et al 2018), (Kenan et al 2018), and (Yang et al 2020).…”