Stoichiometry and Interdiffusion in PZT Thin Films Studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Abstract

Electrode stability, interdiffusion, phase purity and deviation from stoichiometry at the PZT-electrode interface are key issues in PZT thin film integration. This article highlights the use of transmission electron imaging combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) for the investigation of these phenomena. The accuracy of the EDS analysis is discussed. It will be shown that using a standard PZT sample and controlled conditions, reliable analysis can be performed.Diffusion mechanisms have been studied for Pt based electrode systems and RuO 2 -based electrode systems developed for direct integration onto silicon. The materials studied were composed of stacks of silicon-silicon oxide, an adhesion layer (Ti, Ta or TiOJ), an electrode (Pt or RuG 2 ) and PZT (45/55). The PZT was deposited by sol gel using the same parameters to allow for comparison of the different electrodes. Four different electrode / adhesion layer materials were compared (Pt/Ti, Pt/TiOx, Pt/Ta and RuO 2 / TiO 2 ). In the case of Pt, lead and oxygen diffusion through the electrode is observed. While the initial Ta layer transforms into a homogeneous pyrochlore phase, the Ti adhesion layer is heavily deformed. In the case of TiO, the lead is mainly incorporated at the interfaces with Pt and with Si0 2 . No lead diffusion to the adhesion layer is observed for the Ru0 2 electrode. In-situ sputtering and sol-gel deposition of PZT are also compared. The sol-gel films are close to the right stoichiometry for the perovskite while the sputtered films contained an excess of lead. No sign of second phase is found by X-ray diffraction (XRD), by ElS and by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) which suggests that the excess lead is accommodated in the perovskite lattice.

Quantitative chemical analysis of fluorite-to-perovskite transformations in (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 PLZT thin films

“…8,[41][42][43] Thus, measured ratios of Pb to other cations are expected to be within ∼20%. 8,[41][42][43] Thus, measured ratios of Pb to other cations are expected to be within ∼20%.…”

Ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.90Zr0.10O3 films in 200 nm thickness range

“…HRTEM image (Figure C) of three neighboring grains shows lattice spacing of the (110) (111) and (200) planes. A common problem which is usually encountered in the development of ferroelectric films is the diffusion of the constituent elements through the interface during annealing of the film at high temperatures . The Figure D represents the TEM‐EDS mapping images for the elements Ca and Zr of the cross‐sectioned BCZT 800 film.…”