Stranger Danger: Differential response to strangers and neighbors by a social carnivore, the Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus)

Ghaskadbi, Pallavi; Nigam, Parag; Habib, Bilal

doi:10.1007/s00265-022-03188-4

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Data comprised 2577 sniffing of scent-mark events across 21 marking sites by 83 individuals across 25 groups. (Ghaskadbi et al, 2022), but in African wild dogs both sexes disperse (Behr et al, 2020;McNutt, 1996) suggesting that other factors may be at play in this species. Female-biased marking in African wild dogs may be driven by uneven resource investment, for example if females are more invested in defending the territory itself, and males are more invested in defending the females holding the territory (see Claase et al, 2024).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In contrast, larger packs respond more strongly to neighbours, perhaps because dispersers represent less of a threat, thereby supporting a dear enemy effect. Dholes, another large group‐living social canid, exhibit a similar dear enemy response to rivals overall, but at a finer scale they display different behavioural responses to rival scent than those we describe here (Ghaskadbi et al., 2022). As dhole pack size increases, the intensity of response towards neighbours decreases and increases towards strangers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As dhole pack size increases, the intensity of response towards neighbours decreases and increases towards strangers. These differences may reflect different social dynamics, or the small number of dhole packs studied (4 packs studied, range 3-12 individuals; Ghaskadbi et al, 2022) TA B L E 4 Effects of the parameters from the most parsimonious model from Table 3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Size matters: Natural experiments suggest the dear enemy effect is moderated by pack size in African wild dogs

Claase,

Cherry,

McNutt

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Remote monitoring of communal marking sites, or latrines, provides a unique opportunity to observe undisturbed scent marking behaviour of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). We used remote camera trap observations in a natural experiment to test behavioural scent mark responses to rivals (either familiar neighbours or unfamiliar strangers), to determine whether wild dogs exhibit the “dear enemy” or “nasty neighbour” response. Given that larger groups of wild dogs represent a greater threat to smaller groups, including for established residents, we predicted that the overarching categories “dear enemy” vs. “nasty neighbour” may be confounded by varying social statuses that exists between individual dyads interacting. Using the number of overmarks as a metric, results revealed an interaction between sender and receiver group size irrespective of familiarity consistent with this prediction: in general, individuals from large resident packs overmarked large groups more than they overmarked smaller groups, whereas individuals from smaller packs avoided overmarking larger groups, possibly to avoid detection. Monitoring a natural system highlights variables such as pack size that may be either overlooked or controlled during scent presentation experiments, influencing our ability to gain insights into the factors determining territorial responses to rivals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Size matters: Natural experiments suggest the dear enemy effect is moderated by pack size in African wild dogs

Claase,

Cherry,

McNutt

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Combining recent developments in molecular methods (like DNA meta‐barcoding; Shi et al ., 2021) and information from direct observations of kills to classify prey age or size class (e.g. Karanth & Sunquist 2000; Ghaskadbi, Nigam & Habib, 2022) could address both these issues and help elucidate nuances in dietary niches and segregation. Translocation or reintroduction of large carnivores is now an established management practice across landscapes, countries and regions (Fontúrbel & Simonetti, 2011; Swan et al ., 2017). For instance, tigers have been reintroduced to ‘rewild’ Protected Areas [e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topcats and underdogs: intraguild interactions among three apex carnivores across Asia's forestscapes

Srivathsa,

Ramachandran,

Saravanan

et al. 2023

Biological Reviews

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Intraguild interactions among carnivores have long held the fascination of ecologists. Ranging from competition to facilitation and coexistence, these interactions and their complex interplay influence everything from species persistence to ecosystem functioning. Yet, the patterns and pathways of such interactions are far from understood in tropical forest systems, particularly across countries in the Global South. Here, we examined the determinants and consequences of competitive interactions between dholes Cuon alpinus and the two large felids (leopards Panthera pardus and tigers Panthera tigris) with which they most commonly co‐occur across Asia. Using a combination of traditional and novel data sources (N = 118), we integrate information from spatial, temporal, and dietary niche dimensions. These three species have faced catastrophic declines in their extent of co‐occurrence over the past century; most of their source populations are now confined to Protected Areas. Analysis of dyadic interactions between species pairs showed a clear social hierarchy. Tigers were dominant over dholes, although pack strength in dholes helped ameliorate some of these effects; leopards were subordinate to dholes. Population‐level spatio‐temporal interactions assessed at 25 locations across Asia did not show a clear pattern of overlap or avoidance between species pairs. Diet‐profile assessments indicated that wild ungulate biomass consumption by tigers was highest, while leopards consumed more primate and livestock prey as compared to their co‐predators. In terms of prey offtake (ratio of wild prey biomass consumed to biomass available), the three species together harvested 0.4–30.2% of available prey, with the highest offtake recorded from the location where the carnivores reach very high densities. When re‐examined in the context of prey availability and offtake, locations with low wild prey availability showed spatial avoidance and temporal overlap among the carnivore pairs, and locations with high wild prey availability showed spatial overlap and temporal segregation. Based on these observations, we make predictions for 40 Protected Areas in India where temporally synchronous estimates of predator and prey densities are available. We expect that low prey availability will lead to higher competition, and in extreme cases, to the complete exclusion of one or more species. In Protected Areas with high prey availability, we expect intraguild coexistence and conspecific competition among carnivores, with spill‐over to forest‐edge habitats and subsequent prey‐switching to livestock. We stress that dhole–leopard–tiger co‐occurrence across their range is facilitated through an intricate yet fragile balance between prey availability, and intraguild and conspecific competition. Data gaps and limitations notwithstanding, our study shows how insights from fundamental ecology can be of immense utility for applied aspects like large predator conservation and management of human–carnivore interactions. Our findings also highlight potential avenues for future research on tropical carnivores that can broaden current understanding of intraguild competition in forest systems of Asia and beyond.

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Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia

Havmøller,

Wahyudi,

Iqbal

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Dholes (Cuon alpinus) are endangered large carnivores found in scattered populations in Asia. One of the main threats to dholes is the decreasing prey availability throughout their distribution range. In the present study, we used camera trap data collected over 6 years to investigate the temporal activity patterns of dholes and their putative prey species in Baluran National Park in Java, Indonesia. We also explored the overlap in activity between dholes and the park's other remaining large carnivore the Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas), as well as humans. Furthermore, we investigated potential differences in activity patterns between dholes in packs and dholes roaming in pairs or alone. We found a high temporal overlap between dholes and their wild ungulate prey species (ranging from Δ = 0.66–0.90), with the lowest overlap observed between dholes and bantengs (Bos javanicus) (Δ = 0.66), and the highest between dholes and muntjacs (Muntiacus muntjak) (Δ = 0.90). A very low overlap was found between dholes and domestic cattle (Bos indicus) (Δ = 0.27) whereas a moderately high overlap was found between dholes and leopards (Δ = 0.70) and dholes and humans (Δ = 0.62). We found a significant difference in activity patterns between dholes in packs and dholes roaming alone or in pairs (Δ = 0.78, p = .01). Single/pairs of dholes were more active both during the day and at night, whereas packs were predominantly active around sunrise and sunset. The high overlap with humans potentially has a negative effect on dhole activity, particularly for dispersing individuals, and the low overlap with domestic species questions the extent to which dholes are considered to predate on them.

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Stranger Danger: Differential response to strangers and neighbors by a social carnivore, the Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus)

Cited by 7 publications

References 97 publications

Size matters: Natural experiments suggest the dear enemy effect is moderated by pack size in African wild dogs

Size matters: Natural experiments suggest the dear enemy effect is moderated by pack size in African wild dogs

Topcats and underdogs: intraguild interactions among three apex carnivores across Asia's forestscapes

Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia

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