“…Moreover, one of the most common problems is endogeneity problem in spatial model estimation. In order to avoid this problem, using of IV/GMM or Quasi Maximum Likelihood (QML hereafter) approach is suggested (Hammadou et al, 2014;Huyugüzel Kışla & Önder, 2018;Kelejian & Piras, 2014;Kondo, 2017;Qu & Lee, 2015). Therefore, the QML approach, which does not require finding reliable instrumental variables, was considered in this study (following Hammadou et al, 2014;Huyugüzel Kışla & Önder, 2018;Kondo, 2017).…”