Strategies to prevent, curb and eliminate biofilm formation based on the characteristics of various periods in one biofilm life cycle

Abstract

Biofilms are colonies of bacteria embedded inside a complicated self-generating intercellular. The formation and scatter of a biofilm is an extremely complex and progressive process in constant cycles. Once formed, it can protect the inside bacteria to exist and reproduce under hostile conditions by establishing tolerance and resistance to antibiotics as well as immunological responses. In this article, we reviewed a series of innovative studies focused on inhibiting the development of biofilm and summarized a range of corresponding therapeutic methods for biological evolving stages of biofilm. Traditionally, there are four stages in the biofilm formation, while we systematize the therapeutic strategies into three main periods precisely:(i) period of preventing biofilm formation: interfering the colony effect, mass transport, chemical bonds and signaling pathway of plankton in the initial adhesion stage; (ii) period of curbing biofilm formation:targeting several pivotal molecules, for instance, polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA (eDNA) via polysaccharide hydrolases, proteases, and DNases respectively in the second stage before developing into irreversible biofilm; (iii) period of eliminating biofilm formation: applying novel multifunctional composite drugs or nanoparticle materials cooperated with ultrasonic (US), photodynamic, photothermal and even immune therapy, such as adaptive immune activated by stimulated dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils and even immunological memory aroused by plasmocytes. The multitargeted or combinational therapies aim to prevent it from developing to the stage of maturation and dispersion and eliminate biofilms and planktonic bacteria simultaneously.

Bactericidal and biofilm eradication efficacy of a fluorinated benzimidazole derivative, TFBZ, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…Furthermore, TFBZ interfered with the expression of translation initiation factor- infC and ribosomal protein -rplN , attributing to impediment of key proteins synthesis required for microbial growth and biofilm formation ( Korostelev et al, 2010 ). Additionally, downregulation of murQ and dltB genes hindered the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan precursors and affected the remodeling of the cell wall, reducing the resistance of MRSA biofilms toward the host immune system and antibiotics ( Wood et al, 2018 ; Ma et al, 2022 ). Since MoeA protein is essential for production of active molybdoenzymes, TFBZ might perturb the assemble of molybdenum cofactor into the molybdoenzymes, leading to the metabolism disorder of nitrate reduction and sulfur compound conversion in MRSA ( Hasona et al, 1998 ).…”

Cold Plasma Deposition of Tobramycin as an Approach to Localized Antibiotic Delivery to Combat Biofilm Formation

“…Both methods of increasing the antibiotic load produced related results, which shows that the antibiotic dose can be controlled through layering whilst retaining good efficacy against the planktonic cells. The prevention of planktonic cell attachment is important as they instigate the initial adhesion onto the surface that leads to the micro colony [ 30 ]. These initial stages after implantation are extremely important as the host immune system is weakened [ 31 ] and can allow a microbe to win the race to the surface [ 24 ].…”

Comparison of the Antiadhesion Activity and Mechanism between Different Chiral Molecules L-Borneol and D-Borneol against Escherichia coli

“…Planktonic bacteria are unstable and are easy to eliminate. Therefore, repelling bacteria during reversible adhesion is an efficient and economical strategy to prevent biofilm formation . Once irreversible adhesion begins, stronger physical or chemical forces are required to remove the bacteria .…”

“…Therefore, repelling bacteria during reversible adhesion is an efficient and economical strategy to prevent biofilm formation. 13 Once irreversible adhesion begins, stronger physical or chemical forces are required to remove the bacteria. 5 In recent years, researchers have found that microorganisms can distinguish different stereochemical structures (such as chirality) and regulate their reversible adhesion in the microbe−surface interaction.…”