Strategy to scale up microwave synthesis with insight into the thermal and non-thermal effects from energy-based perspective

Chan, Chris Yin Wei; Manap, Najmi Izzuddin Ab; Din, Nik Siti Mariam Nek Mat; Hazmi, Ahmad Syafiq Ahmad; Kow, Kien Woh; Ho, Yong Kuen

doi:10.1016/j.cep.2021.108594

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Solid-state-based microwave generators can improve efficiency but are subject to the application used. 76 In terms of biomass and sugars processing, one advantage is that biomass-related substrates have excellent microwave-absorbing property. 78 However, the use of biomass processing also comes with processing challenges.…”

Section: Continuous Conversion Of Sugars Into Hmfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, one advantage of using microwave reactors is the enhanced energy efficiency, compared to conventional reactor setup or ultrasound-assisted synthesis, which gives an advantage in terms of reduced energy costs. 76 Moreover, it is found that higher energy efficiency could be attained in single-mode microwave irradiation, compared to other modes. 77 Another important factor impacting the scaleup is the efficiency of magnetrons.…”

Section: Continuous Conversion Of Sugars Into Hmfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficiency of magnetrons in converting electrical to microwave power is a question on a large scale. Solid-state-based microwave generators can improve efficiency but are subject to the application used . In terms of biomass and sugars processing, one advantage is that biomass-related substrates have excellent microwave-absorbing property .…”

Section: Hmf Synthesis From Sugarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Green and Efficient Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) from Sustainable Biomass

Aranha

Gogate

2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The present work gives an overview of the approaches for green synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2,5 furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) focusing on reduction in the byproduct formation such as levulinic acid and humins. It was elucidated that the use of highly polar and aqueous solvents, high Brønsted acidity, high pH, reaction time, and temperature increases the levulinic acid formation in the reaction. In contrast, humin formation is increased by high basicity, temperature, and initial substrate concentration. Specific catalytic and solvent systems for minimizing the byproduct formation during HMF synthesis are also discussed along with options for use of microwave, ultrasound, and continuous processes. In terms of intensification, safety, and ease of scale-up, the use of ultrasound for HMF synthesis is promising; however, microreactors are currently a better choice for higher substrate concentration usage and higher yields. Effect of parameters like reaction time, temperature, oxidizing source, solvent, and base on FDCA synthesis is also analyzed. Depending on the reaction conditions and the reactor type, the optimum temperature typically should be between 80 and 160 °C, moderate bases, such as K2CO3 and KHCO3, are preferred to maintain a preferred pH of 7−11 and O2 is an ideal oxidizing agent. The reaction pathway for FDCA synthesis from HMF was also studied and the effect of the base and solvent elucidated. Finally, one-pot synthesis of FDCA from HMF and the strategies necessary to optimize the FDCA yield has been discussed. It was demonstrated that one-pot two-step FDCA synthesis from sugars provides enhanced FDCA yield, selectivity, and lower byproduct formation, compared to one-pot one-step synthesis.

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Section: Continuous Conversion Of Sugars Into Hmfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Continuous Conversion Of Sugars Into Hmfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hmf Synthesis From Sugarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Green and Efficient Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) from Sustainable Biomass

Aranha

Gogate

2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…The thermal effect of microwaves is characterized by high efficiency and energy savings, which make microwaves widely used in the civil and industrial fields. Thus, the thermal effect of microwaves has long attracted the attention of researchers [1][2][3][4][5]. However, the non-thermal effects of microwaves are still being explored in research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of non-thermal effects in microwave heating on the rheology and chemical properties of petroleum asphalt

Wang,

Gong,

Song

et al. 2024

Mater. Res. Express

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This study systematically analyses the rheological properties of typical petroleum asphalt heated by microwaves at different temperatures through viscosity, penetration, dynamic shear, low-temperature bending, and other rheological tests. The results show that the non-thermal effect of microwaves enhances the fluidity of petroleum asphalt in the high-temperature viscous flow state, becomes softer in the medium-temperature viscoelastic state, and becomes hard and brittle in the low-temperature glassy state. The effect of microwaves also causes some specific changes in the properties of bitumen, including softening point and glass transition temperature in the opposite direction, as well as a large difference in the response of bitumen of different viscosities. The chemical changes in microwave-heated bitumen were analyzed using component tests and microscopic observation. It was found that microwave heating homogenized and dispersed the asphaltene aggregates into small particles, with the heavy components significantly reduced and the light components increased.

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“…Microwave experiments are currently conducted at 2450 MHz (the corresponding wavelength is 12.24 cm) [5]. The subject of all the sharp questions on special "microwave effects", non-thermal effects and heating effects with increased temperatures in microwave closed synthesis systems is still a controversial matter and open for discussion and investigation nowadays [5,7]. In laboratory investigations, microwaves ovens have some advantages over conventional laboratory ovens in terms of the speed of thermal effects [1,3]: (1) the introduction of microwave energy into a chemical reaction can lead to much higher heating rates than those achieved conventionally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Titanosilicates Using a Precursor Produced from Titanium Ore Concentrate

Kalashnikova,

Gryaznova,

Baranchikov

et al. 2023

ChemEngineering

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Titanosilicates comprise a broad class of materials with promising technological applications. The typical obstacle that restricts their industrial applicability is the high manufacturing cost due to the use of specific organotitanium precursors. We herein report a new approach to the synthesis of titanosilicates using an inexpensive inorganic precursor, ammonium titanyl sulfate (ATS or STA), (NH4)2TiO(SO4)2∙H2O. The latter is an intermediate in the processing of titanium-bearing concentrates produced from apatite-nepheline ores. In this paper, the new synthetic approach is exemplified by the microwave-assisted synthesis of IONSIVE-911, one of the most effective Cs-ion scavengers. The method can be modified to synthesize various titanosilicate compounds.

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Strategy to scale up microwave synthesis with insight into the thermal and non-thermal effects from energy-based perspective

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

A Review on Green and Efficient Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) from Sustainable Biomass

A Review on Green and Efficient Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) from Sustainable Biomass

Effect of non-thermal effects in microwave heating on the rheology and chemical properties of petroleum asphalt

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Titanosilicates Using a Precursor Produced from Titanium Ore Concentrate

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