Stratigraphic framework for the plume mode of mantle convection and the analysis of interregional unconformities on geological maps

Friedrich, Anke; Bunge, Hans‐Peter; Rieger, Stefanie; Colli, Lorenzo; Ghelichkhan, Siavash; Nerlich, Rainer

doi:10.1016/j.gr.2017.06.003

Cited by 61 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…For example, compilation of a sequential global hiatus map at the temporal resolution of systems and series, plotted in the reference frame of Matthews et al (2016) using G-Plates (Boyden et al 2011; see fig. 5 in Friedrich et al 2018), reveals transient long-wavelength signals across most continents since the break-up of Pangaea. In particular, the age and duration of hiatus surfaces within Africa and the Americas appears to be broadly coeval to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…However, based on recent progress in understanding the plate- and the plume mode of mantle convection, a need has arisen to place all of the information available on traditional maps and charts (such as unconformities, fault systems, uplift, volcanic rocks, erosional hiatus versus non-depositional hiatus) back on appropriate maps (Ernst & Buchan, 2001; Sengör, 2016; Friedrich et al . 2018). The anchor-point technique described above may serve to define the dimensions contained within chronostratigraphic charts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gap between the physical models of the plume-mode of mantle convection and the numerous geological features can be closed by applying a unifying stratigraphic framework which translates the plume mode to the geological, geomorphological and stratigraphic records (Friedrich et al . 2018). This framework expresses distinct spatial and temporal relationships of the geological features listed above but requires an internally consistent reference frame to map them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Palaeogeological hiatus surface mapping: a tool to visualize vertical motion of the continents

Friedrich

2018

Geol. Mag.

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Dynamic topography is a well-established consequence of global geodynamic models of mantle convection with horizontal dimensions of >1000 km and amplitudes up to 2 km. Such physical models guide the interpretation of geological records on equal dimensions. Continent-scale geological maps therefore serve as reference frames of choice to visualize erosion/non-deposition as a proxy for long-wavelength, low-amplitude vertical surface motion. At a resolution of systems or series, such maps display conformable and unconformable time boundaries traceable over hundreds to thousands of kilometres. Unconformable contact surfaces define the shape and size of time gap (hiatus) in millions of years based on the duration of time represented by the missing systems or series. Hiatus for a single system or series base datum diminishes laterally to locations (anchor points) where it is conformable at the mapped resolution; it is highly dependent upon scale. A comparison of hiatus area between two successive system or series boundaries yields changes in location, shape, size and duration, indicative of the transient nature of vertical surface motion. As a single-step technique, it serves as a quantitative proxy for palaeotopography that can be calibrated using other geological data. The tool magnifies the need for geological mapping at the temporal resolution of stages, matching process rates. The method has no resolving power within conformable regions (basins) but connects around them. When applied to marine seismic sections that relate to rock record, not to time, biostratigraphic and radiometric data from deep wells are needed before hiatus areas – that relate to time – can be mapped.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Palaeogeological hiatus surface mapping: a tool to visualize vertical motion of the continents

Friedrich

2018

Geol. Mag.

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“…If we apply the above statement to individual observations, we can say that, for example, the history of a mountain range, of a plateau, of an ocean, of a marginal sea, of a volcano, etc., can already be deduced with some reservation from the records of its sediment." Thus, Ampferer already laid the ground for the sedimentary stratigraphic coupling of tectono-magmatic processes, as described excellently, for example, by Friedrich et al (2018).…”

Section: Ampferer's Considerations On the Geodynamics Of The Earthmentioning

confidence: 96%

The theory of undercurrent from the Austrian alpine geologist Otto Ampferer (1875–1947): first conceptual ideas on the way to plate tectonics

Dullo

Pfaffl²

2019

Can. J. Earth Sci.

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In his paper “Über das Bewegungsbild von Faltengebirgen” [On the movement pattern of folded mountains], published in the almanac of the Austrian Geological Survey in Vienna, Otto Ampferer from Innsbruck (Austria) presented a series of geotectonic considerations and interpretations, which today are summarized under the term “theory of undercurrent”. The interpretation of these processes occurring in the deep crust of the Earth and in the upper mantle was mainly kinematic. For a long time, the tectonic passivity of the magma being anorogenic was dogma until Ampferer’s undercurrent theory changed this in 1906, according to which folds and thrusts on the Earth’s surface portray motions of the deeper magmatic substratum. In these undercurrents, Ampferer recognized the crucial forces that lead to the formation of ocean basins and high mountains on the edges of the drifting continents. In his paper on the history of the formation of the Atlantic region, he presented already, in 1941, a process anticipating what is now known as seafloor spreading.

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“…Through convective stresses, it also maintains a portion of the observed topography known as dynamic topography [1,2]. Recently, there has been much effort to quantify dynamic topography and its evolution as a link to mantle flow processes [3,4], for instance, from studies of continental scale stratigraphy, planation surfaces, elevated passive margins, thermochronology and basin analysis [5][6][7][8][9], although considerable uncertainty remains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The adjoint equations for thermochemical compressible mantle convection: derivation and verification by twin experiments

Ghelichkhan

Bunge

2018

Proc. R. Soc. A.

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The adjoint method is an efficient way to obtain gradient information in a mantle convection model relative to past flow structure, allowing one to retrodict mantle flow from observations of the present-day mantle state. While adjoint equations for isochemical mantle flow have been derived for both incompressible and compressible flows, here we extend the method to thermochemical mantle flow models, and present thermochemical adjoint equations in the elastic-liquid approximation. We verify the method with twin experiments, and retrodict the flow history of a thermochemical reference model (reference twin) assuming for the final state, either a consistent thermochemical interpretation, using the thermochemical adjoint equations, or an inconsistent purely thermal interpretation, using the isochemical adjoint equations. The consistent simulation correctly retrodicts the flow evolution of the reference twin. The inconsistent case, instead, restores a false flow history whereby internal buoyancy forces and convectively maintained topography are overestimated. Because the cost function is reduced in either case, our results suggest that the adjoint method can be used to link assumptions on the role of chemical mantle heterogeneity to geologic inferences of dynamic topography, thus providing additional means to test hypotheses on mantle composition and dynamics.

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Stratigraphic framework for the plume mode of mantle convection and the analysis of interregional unconformities on geological maps

Cited by 61 publications

References 126 publications

Palaeogeological hiatus surface mapping: a tool to visualize vertical motion of the continents

Palaeogeological hiatus surface mapping: a tool to visualize vertical motion of the continents

The theory of undercurrent from the Austrian alpine geologist Otto Ampferer (1875–1947): first conceptual ideas on the way to plate tectonics

The adjoint equations for thermochemical compressible mantle convection: derivation and verification by twin experiments

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