Stratigraphic Models for Deep-Water Sedimentary Systems

Gardner, Michael H.; Borer, James M.; Romans, Brian W.; Baptista, Noelia; Kling, Erik K.; Hanggoro, D.; Melick, Jesse J.; Wagerle, Roger M.; Dechesne, Marieke; Carr, Mary; Amerman, Robert; Atan, Safian

doi:10.5724/gcs.08.28.0077

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…These include, amongst others, the Eocene–Oligocene Grès d'Annot Formation of the French Alps (e.g. Bouma, ; Stanley & Bouma, ; Lee et al ., ; Mulder et al ., ), the Carboniferous Ross Formation of western Ireland (Lien et al ., ; Martinsen et al ., ; Pyles, ), the Permian Tanqua Karoo Basin of South Africa (Johnson et al ., ; Van der Werff & Johnson, ; Hodgson et al ., ; Prélat et al ., ), the Permian Brushy Canyon and Cherry Canyon Formations of West Texas, USA (Gardner et al ., , ), the Cretaceous Magallanes Basin of southern Chile (Hubbard et al ., ; Bernhardt et al ., ), the Eocene Ainsa Basin of the Spanish Pyrenees (Mutti, , ; Pickering & Corregidor, ; Remacha et al ., ) and the Miocene Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation, Italy (e.g. Kuenen & Migliorini, ; Ricci‐Lucchi, ; Ricci‐Lucchi & Valmori, ; Ricci‐Lucchi, ; Mutti, ; Amy & Talling, ; Talling et al ., , ; Tinterri & Magalhaes, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depositional architecture and evolution of progradationally stacked lobe complexes in the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen

Grundvåg¹,

et al. 2013

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The down-dip portion of submarine fans comprises terminal lobes that consist of various gravity flow deposits, including turbidites and debrites. Within lobe complexes, lobe deposition commonly takes place in topographic lows created between previous lobes, resulting in an architecture characterized by compensational stacking. However, in some deep water turbidite systems, compensational stacking is less prominent and progradation dominates over aggradation and lateral stacking. Combined outcrop and subsurface data from the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen provide a rare example of submarine fans that comprise progradationally stacked lobes and lobe complexes. Evidence for progradation includes basinward offset stacking of successive lobe complexes, a vertical change from distal to proximal lobe environments as recorded by an upward increase in bed amalgamation, and coarsening and thickening upward trends within the lobes. Slope clinoforms occur immediately above the lobe complexes, suggesting that a shelfslope system prograded across the basin in concert with deposition of the lobe complexes. Erosive channels are present in proximal axial lobe settings, whereas shallow channels, scours and terminal lobes dominate further basinward. Terminal lobes are classified as amalgamated, non-amalgamated or thin-bedded, consistent with turbidite deposition in lobe axis, offaxis and fringe settings, respectively. Co-genetic turbidite-debrite beds, interpreted as being deposited from hybrid sediment gravity flows which consisted of both turbulent and laminar flow phases, occur frequently in lobe off-axis to fringe settings, and are rare and poorly developed in channels and axial lobe environments. This indicates bypass of the laminar flow phase in proximal settings, and deposition in relative distal unconfined settings. Palaeocurrent data indicate sediment dispersal mainly towards the east, and is consistent with slope and lobe complex progradation perpendicular to the NNW-SSE trending basin margin.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depositional architecture and evolution of progradationally stacked lobe complexes in the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen

Grundvåg¹,

et al. 2013

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“…This model illustrates that the internal organization of the Castignano system records multiple cycles of waxing then waning flow energy at multiple scales (McHargue et al. , 2011), as described by the phases of the IGR ( Initiation , Growth and Retreat ) stratigraphic model of Gardner et al. (2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…15). This model illustrates that the internal organization of the Castignano system records multiple cycles of waxing then waning flow energy at multiple scales (McHargue et al, 2011), as described by the phases of the IGR (Initiation, Growth and Retreat) stratigraphic model of Gardner et al (2008). Changes in flow energy (sediment volume and calibre) may be related to allogenic controls, such as changes in relative sea-level, with flows becoming more efficient as sea-level falls (Samuel et al, 2003).…”

Section: Stratigraphic Evolution Of the Castignano Systemmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Most of the deposition takes place during the waning portion of the cycle; erosion and extensive bypass dominated the waxing phase and, as a result, each lithofacies succession appears discontinuity-bounded and asymmetrical in the stratigraphic record. These very ordered, multi-scale cyclic packaging and stepwise changes in system evolution impart an important predictable control on the final stratigraphic distribution and arrangement of sedimentary bodies and have been found to be common in many other outcrop studies of deep-water successions (Eschard et al, 2003;Hodgson et al, 2006;King et al, 2007;Gardner et al, 2008;Di Celma et al, 2011;McHargue et al, 2011).…”

Section: Stratigraphic Evolution Of the Castignano Systemmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Stratigraphic organization and predictability of mixed coarse‐grained and fine‐grained successions in an upper slope Pleistocene turbidite system of the Peri‐Adriatic basin

2012

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The early Pleistocene clastic succession of the Peri‐Adriatic basin, eastern central Italy, records the filling of a series of piggyback sub‐basins that formed in response to the development of the eastward‐verging Apennine fold‐thrust belt. During the Gelasian (2·588 to 1·806 Ma), large volumes of Apennine‐derived sediments were routed to these basins through a number of slope turbidite systems. Using a comprehensive outcrop‐based dataset, the current study documents the depositional processes, stratigraphic organization, foraminiferal age and palaeodepth, and stratigraphic evolution of one of these systems exposed in the surroundings of the Castignano village. Analysis of foraminiferal assemblages consistently indicates Gelasian deposition in upper bathyal water depths. Sediments exposed in the study area can be broken into seven main lithofacies, reflecting specific gravity‐induced depositional elements and slope background deposition: (i) clast‐supported conglomerates (conglomerate channel‐fill); (ii) amalgamated sandstones (late stage sandstone channel‐fill); (iii) medium to thick‐bedded tabular sandstones (frontal splay sandstones); (iv) thin to thick‐bedded channelized sandstones (sandy channel‐fill); (v) medium to very thin‐bedded sandstones and mudstones (levée‐overbank deposits); (vi) pebbly mudstones and chaotic beds (mudstone‐rich mass‐transport deposits); and (vii) massive mudstones (hemipelagic deposits). Individual lithofacies combine vertically and laterally to form decametre‐scale, disconformably bounded, fining‐upward lithofacies successions that, in turn, stack to form slope valley fills bounded by deeply incised erosion surfaces. A hierarchical approach to the physical stratigraphy of the slope system indicates that it has evolved through multiple cycles of waxing then waning flow energy at multiple scales and that its packaging can be described in terms of a six‐fold hierarchy of architectural elements and bounding surfaces. In this scheme, the whole system (sixth‐order element) is comprised of three distinct fifth‐order stratigraphic cycles (valley fills), which define sixth‐order initiation, growth and retreat phases of slope deposition, respectively; they are separated by discrete periods of entrenchment that generated erosional valleys interpreted to record fifth‐order initiation phases. Backfilling of individual valleys progressed through deposition of two vertically stacked lithofacies successions (fourth‐order elements), which record fifth‐order growth and retreat phases. Fourth‐order initiation phases are represented by erosional surfaces bounding lithofacies successions. The component lithofacies (third‐order element) record fourth‐order growth and retreat phases. Map trends of erosional valleys and palaeocurrent indicators converge to indicate that the sea floor bathymetric expression of a developing thrust‐related anticline markedly influenced the downslope transport direction of gravity currents and was sufficient to cause a major diversion of the turbidite system around ...

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“…Ancient CLTZs have been considered to be discrete surfaces of erosion and transport bypass (e.g. Gardner et al ., , ), or up to few tens of metres thick intervals consisting of discontinuous sandstone‐rich units and scour fills encased in mudstone‐rich strata (e.g. Mutti & Normark, ; Vicente Bravo & Robles, ; Kostrewa, ; van der Merwe et al ., ; Brooks et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphic record in the transition from basin floor to continental slope sedimentation in the ancient passive‐margin Windermere turbidite system

Navarro

Arnott

2020

Sedimentology

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Well-exposed, vertically dipping, glacially polished outcrops of the Neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup in the southern Canadian Cordillera include basin-floor deposits of the Upper Kaza Group overlain by slope channel complexes of the Isaac Formation. Within the 2Á5 km thick Kaza and Isaac succession is an up to 360 m thick interval composed of diverse deep-water stratal elements including scour and interscour deposits, distributary channels, finegrained turbidites, terminal splays, mass-transport deposits, erosional and lev eed channels and avulsion splays, which collectively were formed during the development of an ancient passive-margin channel-lobe system. The proportion and vertical and lateral arrangement of stratal elements reveal three distinct complexes. The lower complex, consisting mostly of distributary channels and small and large scours, is interpreted to represent the detachment of lobes from an upflow lev eed channel, wherein a well-developed channel-lobe transition zone was formed by efficient, siliciclastic flows during a period of sustained transport bypass and limited deposition coincident with the onset of falling relative sea level. The middle, comparatively thicker and more sandstone-rich complex, comprises distributary channel fills, fine-grained turbidites and lesser terminal splays that are interspersed with small scours, capped by a slope lev eed channel filled with coarser-grained siliciclastic sediment. The abundance of basin-floor elements suggests negligible separation between the lev eed channel and lobe, and therefore a poorly-developed channel-lobe transition zone, resulting from inefficient, siliciclastic-rich depositional flows that became dominant during lowstand and/or ensuing transgression. The stratal makeup of the upper complex resembles the lower detached complex, suggesting a return to efficient flows, and an abrupt change to mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediments associated with highstand conditions. Accordingly, the stratigraphic architecture and stacking pattern of the Kaza-Isaac interval, which relate to the formation of multiple channel-lobe transition zones, were controlled by temporal changes in sediment supply and flow characteristics during the long-term progradation of the Laurentian continental margin.

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Stratigraphic Models for Deep-Water Sedimentary Systems

Cited by 16 publications

References 3 publications

Depositional architecture and evolution of progradationally stacked lobe complexes in the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen

Depositional architecture and evolution of progradationally stacked lobe complexes in the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen

Stratigraphic organization and predictability of mixed coarse‐grained and fine‐grained successions in an upper slope Pleistocene turbidite system of the Peri‐Adriatic basin

Stratigraphic record in the transition from basin floor to continental slope sedimentation in the ancient passive‐margin Windermere turbidite system

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