Stratospheric Sensitivity to Perturbations in Ozone and Carbon Dioxide: Radiative and Dynamical Response

Fels, Stephen B.; Mahlman, J. D.; Schwarzkopf, Malte; Sinclair, R. W.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2265:sstpio>2.0.co;2

Cited by 336 publications

(266 citation statements)

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“…What causes the enhancement in cooling in the Extratropics? † Although CO 2 was doubled throughout the atmosphere by Fels et al (1980), we have found that the stratospheric cooling is virtually independent of whether CO 2 is doubled throughout the atmosphere or in the stratosphere alone (not shown). Therefore, it is not simply the change in upwelling radiation from CO 2 in the troposphere which causes the differences in the structure of the temperature response to SWV and CO 2 perturbations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

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The temperature response to stratospheric water vapour changes

Maycock

Shine

Joshi

2011

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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This study uses an analytical model, based on the cooling-to-space approximation, and a fixed dynamical heating model to investigate the structure of the stratospheric cooling that occurs in response to a uniform increase in stratospheric water vapour (SWV). At all latitudes, the largest cooling occurs in the lower stratosphere and decreases in magnitude with height. The cooling is strongly enhanced in the Extratropics compared to the Tropics. This is markedly different to the case of an increase in CO 2 , which causes maximum cooling near the stratopause and a small warming in the tropical lower stratosphere. The qualitative differences in the structure of the cooling can be explained by the smaller opacity of water vapour bands in the stratosphere compared to CO 2 . The small opacity means that the magnitude of the initial heating rate perturbation only decreases by a factor of four between the upper and lower stratosphere for a SWV perturbation. Therefore, to balance the heating rate perturbation, the largest temperature change is required in the lower stratosphere. Increasing the background concentration of SWV causes the water vapour bands to become more opaque. For a SWV perturbation applied to a background SWV concentration ≥30 ppmv, the heating rate perturbation and temperature change structurally resemble those from an increase in CO 2 . In the Extratropics, the lower height of the tropopause is found to cause the enhancement in the cooling at those latitudes. By controlling the depth of atmosphere which adjusts to the SWV perturbation, the tropopause height affects the net exchange of radiation between the layers in the stratosphere as they cool. The latitudinal gradient in upwelling infrared radiation at the tropopause and variations in the background temperature are found to have only a minor effect on the structure of the stratospheric temperature response to a change in SWV. Copyright c 2011 Royal Meteorological Society Key Words: radiative transfer; fixed dynamical heating; stratospheric water vapour

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…This is in contrast to the temperature change that results from an increase in CO 2 , which in the annual mean shows cooling which increases with height and is a maximum near the stratopause, and a small warming in the tropical lower stratosphere (e.g. Figure 4.5b of Fels et al, 1980 † ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

The temperature response to stratospheric water vapour changes

Maycock

Shine

Joshi

2011

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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“…The evolution of stratospheric temperature is obtained with a FDH model (e.g., Ramanathan, 1979;Fels et al, 1980), in which the dynamical heating (Q) Dis prescribed irrespective of the Pinatubo eruption and calculated from the stratosphere without volcanic eruptions:…”

Section: Temperature Changementioning

confidence: 99%

An Estimation of the Radiative Effect in the Stratosphere due to the Pinatubo Aerosol

Shibata¹,

Uchino²,

Kamiyama³

et al. 1996

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…Increased CO2 is expected to cool the stratosphere (e.g., [Fels et al, 1980]; [Rind et al, 1990]), which will result in increases in upper stratospheric ozone through temperature dependent loss rates (e.g., [Brasseur and Hitchman, 1988 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doubled CO₂ effects on NO_y in a coupled 2D model

Rosenfield¹,

Douglass²

1998

Geophysical Research Letters

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Abstract.Stratospheric NOy fields calculated using a zonally averaged interactive chemistry-radiation-dynamics model show significant sensitivity to the model CO2. Modeled upper stratospheric NOy decreases by about 15% in response to CO2 doubling, mainly due to the temperature decrease calculated to result from increased CO2 cooling. The abundance of atomic nitrogen, N, increases because the rate of the strongly temperature dependent reaction N + 02 -• NO + O decreases at lower temperatures. Increased N leads to an increase in the loss of NOy which is controlled by the reaction N + NO -• N2 + O. The decrease in NOy due to the lowered temperatures is partially compensated by changes in the residual circulation. In addition, the NOy reduction is shown to be sensitive to the NO photolysis rate.

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Stratospheric Sensitivity to Perturbations in Ozone and Carbon Dioxide: Radiative and Dynamical Response

Cited by 336 publications

References 0 publications

The temperature response to stratospheric water vapour changes

The temperature response to stratospheric water vapour changes

An Estimation of the Radiative Effect in the Stratosphere due to the Pinatubo Aerosol

Doubled CO₂ effects on NO_y in a coupled 2D model

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Stratospheric Sensitivity to Perturbations in Ozone and Carbon Dioxide: Radiative and Dynamical Response

Cited by 336 publications

References 0 publications

The temperature response to stratospheric water vapour changes

The temperature response to stratospheric water vapour changes

An Estimation of the Radiative Effect in the Stratosphere due to the Pinatubo Aerosol

Doubled CO2 effects on NOy in a coupled 2D model

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Product

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Doubled CO₂ effects on NO_y in a coupled 2D model