Streaming Currents in a Single Nanofluidic Channel

Heyden, Frank H. J. van der; Stein, Derek; Dekker, Cees

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.95.116104

Cited by 467 publications

(463 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This length can be comparable to and even exceed the transverse dimensions in nanochannels [10,11,12], in which case the off-diagonal elements may depend strongly on the actual cross-sectional geometry. However, for thin Debye layers with a vanishing overlap the matrix elements G 12 , G 21 , and G 22 are independent of the details of the geometry.…”

Section: Summary Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mass and Charge Transport in Micro and Nanofluidic Channels

Mortensen

Olesen

Okkels

et al. 2007

Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering

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We consider laminar flow of incompressible electrolytes in long, straight channels driven by pressure and electro-osmosis. We use a Hilbert space eigenfunction expansion to address the general problem of an arbitrary cross section and obtain general results in linear-response theory for the mass and charge transport coefficients which satisfy Onsager relations. In the limit of non-overlapping Debye layers the transport coefficients are simply expressed in terms of parameters of the electrolyte as well as the hydraulic radius R = 2A/P with A and P being the cross-sectional area and perimeter, respectively. In particular, we consider the limits of thin non-overlapping as well as strongly overlapping Debye layers, respectively, and calculate the corrections to the hydraulic resistance due to electro-hydrodynamic interactions.

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Section: Summary Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To further motivate this work we emphasize that the flow of electrolytes in the presence of a zeta potential is a scenario of key importance to lab-on-a-chip applications involving biological liquids/samples in both microfluidic [7,8,9] and nanofluidic channels [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass and Charge Transport in Micro and Nanofluidic Channels

Mortensen

Olesen

Okkels

et al. 2007

Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering

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“…Another electrokinetic phenomenon, called the streaming potential, occurs when an electrolyte is driven through narrow pores either by a pressure gradient 4 or by an osmotic potential resulting from a salt concentration gradient 5 . For this task, membranes made of two-dimensional materials are expected to be the most efficient, because water transport through a membrane scales inversely with membrane thickness 5-7 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Single-layer MoS2 nanopores as nanopower generators

Feng

Gräf

Liu

et al. 2016

Nature

982

855

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Making use of the osmotic pressure difference between fresh water and seawater is an attractive, renewable and clean way to generate power and is known as 'blue energy' 1-3 . Another electrokinetic phenomenon, called the streaming potential, occurs when an electrolyte is driven through narrow pores either by a pressure gradient 4 or by an osmotic potential resulting from a salt concentration gradient 5 . For this task, membranes made of two-dimensional materials are expected to be the most efficient, because water transport through a membrane scales inversely with membrane thickness 5-7 . Here we demonstrate the use of single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanopores as osmotic nanopower generators. We observe a large, osmotically induced current produced from a salt gradient with an estimated power density of up to 10 6 watts per square metre-a current that can be attributed mainly to the atomically thin membrane of MoS 2 . Low power requirements for nanoelectronic and optoelectric devices can be provided by a neighbouring nanogenerator that harvests energy from the local environment 8-11 -for example, a piezoelectric zinc oxide nanowire array 8 or single-layer MoS 2 (ref. 12). We use our MoS 2 nanopore generator to power a MoS 2 transistor, thus demonstrating a self-powered nanosystem.MoS 2 nanopores have already demonstrated better water-transport behaviour than graphene 13,14 owing to the enriched hydrophilic surface sites (provided by the molybdenum) that are produced following either irradiation with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 15 or electrochemical oxidation 16 . The osmotic power is generated by separating two reservoirs containing potassium chloride (KCl) solutions of different concentrations with a freestanding MoS 2 membrane, into which a single nanopore has been introduced 13 . A chemical potential gradient arises at the interface of these two liquids at a nanopore in a 0.65-nm-thick, single-layer MoS 2 membrane, and drives ions spontaneously across the nanopore, forming an osmotic ion flux towards the equilibrium state (Fig. 1a). The presence of surface charges on the pore screens the passing ions according to their charge polarity, and thus results in a net measurable osmotic current, known as reverse electrodialysis 1 . This cation selectivity can be better understood by analysing the concentration of each ion type (potassium and chloride) as a function of the radial distance from the centre of the pore, as we show here through molecular-dynamics simulations (Fig. 1b).We fabricated MoS 2 nanopores either by TEM 13 (Fig. 1c) Distance from the centre of the pore (Å)C max /C min = 1,000C max /C min = 500C max /C min = 100 LETTER RESEARCHosmotic current can be expected, owing to the long time required for the system to reach equilibrium. We measured the osmotic current and voltage across the pore by using a pair of Ag/AgCl electrodes to characterize the current-voltage (I-V) response of the nanopore.To gain a better insight into the performance of the MoS 2 nanopore power generator, ...

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“…In the latter case, the ideal geometry of a straight nanochannel is easily realized in experiments, albeit usually with a rectangular cross section. Applications of electrokinetic phenomena in nanochannels include streaming current measurements [19][20][21], electrokinetic energy conversion [8,22,23], ionic [24,25] and flow [26,27] field-effect transistors, electro-osmotic impedance effects [28], and electrophoretic separations [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of electrolyte transport through charged nanopores

et al. 2016

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We revisit the classical problem of flow of electrolyte solutions through charged capillary nanopores or nanotubes as described by the capillary pore model (also called "space charge" theory). This theory assumes very long and thin pores and uses a one-dimensional flux-force formalism which relates fluxes (electrical current, salt flux, and fluid velocity) and driving forces (difference in electric potential, salt concentration, and pressure). We analyze the general case with overlapping electric double layers in the pore and a nonzero axial salt concentration gradient. The 3×3 matrix relating these quantities exhibits Onsager symmetry and we report a significant new simplification for the diagonal element relating axial salt flux to the gradient in chemical potential. We prove that Onsager symmetry is preserved under changes of variables, which we illustrate by transformation to a different flux-force matrix given by Gross and Osterle [J. Chem. Phys. 49, 228 (1968)]. The capillary pore model is well suited to describe the nonlinear response of charged membranes or nanofluidic devices for electrokinetic energy conversion and water desalination, as long as the transverse ion profiles remain in local quasiequilibrium. As an example, we evaluate electrical power production from a salt concentration difference by reverse electrodialysis, using an efficiency versus power diagram. We show that since the capillary pore model allows for axial gradients in salt concentration, partial loops in current, salt flux, or fluid flow can develop in the pore. Predictions for macroscopic transport properties using a reduced model, where the potential and concentration are assumed to be invariant with radial coordinate ("uniform potential" or "fine capillary pore" model), are close to results of the full model.

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Streaming Currents in a Single Nanofluidic Channel

Cited by 467 publications

References 18 publications

Mass and Charge Transport in Micro and Nanofluidic Channels

Mass and Charge Transport in Micro and Nanofluidic Channels

Single-layer MoS2 nanopores as nanopower generators

Analysis of electrolyte transport through charged nanopores

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