The basalt residual soil of high slope of BiWei highway in Guizhou province belongs to regional special soil. Comprehensive and systematic evaluation for engineering geologic characteristics of residual soil on basalt is necessary to the construction in this area and geological engineering investigation. Kaolinite is dominant in clay mineral of this soil, which has a higher clay particle content. The special material composition and structural morphology make it have the physical properties of high porosity, low density and high water content. But it has mechanical properties of higher strength. The soil has a low expansibility and weak water-resistance. Moreover, the soil is sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. The mechanical properties become weak after soaking, leading to a larger collapse deformation and a heavy disintegration. Therefore, it is important to focus on the engineering disasters caused by rain water for example.