Streptococcal toxins: role in pathogenesis and disease

Barnett, Timothy C.; Cole, Jason N.; Rivera-Hernandez, Tania; Henningham, Anna; Paton, James C.; Nizet, Victor; Walker, Mark J.

doi:10.1111/cmi.12531

Cited by 86 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 272 publications

(329 reference statements)

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“…Toxigenesis plays a crucial role in the pathologic processes of various Gram-positive bacteria (Barnett et al 2015). Early studies on the toxins of a nonLancefield Streptococcus sp.…”

Section: Virulence Factors Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactococcus garvieae: an emerging bacterial pathogen of fish

Meyburgh

Bragg²,

Boucher³

2017

Dis. Aquat. Org.

127

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Lactococcus garvieae is the causative agent of lactococcosis, a hyperacute, haemorrhagic septicaemia of fish. This bacterium is also considered an emerging zoonotic pathogen, as reports of human infection are increasing. Significant economic loss in aquaculture is suffered as a result of lactococcosis, as numerous freshwater and marine species of commercial interest are affected. Development of antibiotic resistance in L. garvieae to several chemotherapeutic agents complicates and restricts treatment options. Effective, sustainable treatment and prevention options are thus needed, but progress is impeded by the lack of knowledge concerning several aspects of the disease and the pathogen. This review aims to present the latest research on L. garvieae, with specific focus on pathogenesis, virulence factors, risks associated with chemotherapeutic administration and possible control options.

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“…Toxigenesis plays a crucial role in the pathologic processes of various Gram-positive bacteria (Barnett et al 2015). Early studies on the toxins of a nonLancefield Streptococcus sp.…”

Section: Virulence Factors Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactococcus garvieae: an emerging bacterial pathogen of fish

Meyburgh

Bragg²,

Boucher³

2017

Dis. Aquat. Org.

127

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“…The hemolysins SLS and SLO are pore‐forming toxins that induce osmotic lysis of a broad spectrum of host cells, including neutrophils . GAS production of SLO is associated with human neutrophil lysis in vitro, with a reduction in neutrophil lysis observed following incubation with SLO mutant GAS .…”

Section: Innate Immune Response To Gas Pharyngitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Group A streptococcal pharyngitis: Immune responses involved in bacterial clearance and GAS-associated immunopathologies

Soderholm

Barnett

Sweet

et al. 2017

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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Streptococcus pyogenes, the Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis in children and adults. Innate and adaptive host immune responses are fundamental for defense against streptococcal pharyngitis and are central to the clinical manifestation of disease. Host immune responses also contribute to the severe poststreptococcal immune diseases that constitute the major disease burden for this organism. However, until recently, little was known about the host responses elicited during infection. Cellular mediators of innate immunity used during host defense against GAS include epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), which are reported to secrete a number of soluble inflammatory mediators, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs); eicosanoids, including PGE and leukotriene B4 (LTB ); chemokines; and proinflammatory cytokines. Th1 and Th17 responses play significant roles in adaptive immunity in both murine models of GAS pharyngitis and in human tonsil tissue. A number of inflammatory complications are associated with GAS pharyngitis, which can lead to chronic disease in patients. These include scarlet fever, tonsillar hypertrophy, and sleep apnea, as well as postinfectious sequelae, such as acute rheumatic fever (ARF), poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and guttate psoriasis (GP). This review aims to present the current state of knowledge on innate and adaptive immune responses elicited during GAS pharyngitis, mechanisms by which GAS evades these responses, the emerging role of the pharyngeal microbiota, and how the interplay among these factors can influence the outcome of infection and inflammation-related complications.

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“…In contrast to these beneficial microbes, Mycoplasmas cause respiratory and reproductive system infection in hosts (Gautier‐Bouchardon, ; Zhou, et al , ). Streptococcus is a host‐adapted bacterial pathogen that is among the leading infectious causes of host morbidity and mortality (Barnett, et al , ). Enterorhabdus is related to inflammatory diseases (Clavel, et al , ; Yang, et al , ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethyl‐N‐dodecanoyl‐l‐arginate hydrochloride combats pathogens with low‐resistance generation by membrane attack and modifies gut microbiota structure

Shao

Fan

Tang

et al. 2019

Microbial Biotechnology

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Summary Ethyl‐N‐dodecanoyl‐l‐arginate hydrochloride (LAE, ethyl lauroyl arginate HCl) is a cationic surfactant used as a food preservative with broad‐spectrum antibacterial activities. However, its resistance development, influences on gut microbiome and molecular target are unclear. In this study, bacteria were stimulated by LAE for 30 days to test the bacterial resistance. Several infected animal models were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of LAE in vivo. Mice were orally treated with LAE to test its effect on animal growth. The influence of LAE on mice gut microbiome was analysed by 16S rDNA sequencing. The results indicated that Escherichia coli did not develop resistance to LAE. LAE significantly combats bacterial infection in mice, ducklings and piglets. Moreover, LAE promotes mouse weight gain without changing body composition or reducing animal vitality, and induces lower hepatotoxicity than ampicillin. In the mouse gut microbiome assessment and characterization, LAE modifies host gut microbiota structure. Mechanistically, LAE specifically binds to acidic phospholipids including phosphatidylserine, depolarizes the membrane and disrupts the bacterial membrane followed by bacterial growth inhibition. This study investigates the molecular mechanism of LAE as well as its antibacterial functions in poultry and livestock. Our data suggest LAE is a potential antibacterial agent in animal health.

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Streptococcal toxins: role in pathogenesis and disease

Cited by 86 publications

References 272 publications

Lactococcus garvieae: an emerging bacterial pathogen of fish

Lactococcus garvieae: an emerging bacterial pathogen of fish

Group A streptococcal pharyngitis: Immune responses involved in bacterial clearance and GAS-associated immunopathologies

Ethyl‐N‐dodecanoyl‐l‐arginate hydrochloride combats pathogens with low‐resistance generation by membrane attack and modifies gut microbiota structure

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