Structural alterations of the pyramidal pathway in schizoid and schizotypal cluster A personality disorders

Via, Esther; Orfila, C.; Pedreño, Carla; Rovira, A.; Menchón, José M.; Cardoner, Narcı́s; Palao, Diego; Soriano‐Mas, Carles; Obiols, Jordi E.

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.08.006

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) experience attenuated symptoms of schizophrenia, including positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms, and show similarities in brain structure and function. 15,16 In addition, relatives of probands with SPD have elevated risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. 17 Differentiating features of SPD, compared with schizophrenia, are that individuals with SPD have less functional impairment, usually live and work unassisted, and are usually able to manage symptoms without antipsychotic medication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the pattern of results seen in schizophrenia and motor control, signs of abnormal motor control are also seen in SPD. SPD has been associated with excessively increased force and variability in a motor stability task in adults 19 and adolescents, 16 decreased performance on motor learning tasks, 20 and increased white matter volume in motor pathways, 15 as well as movement abnormalities. 19,21,22 Individuals with schizophrenia have increased postural sway, indicating impaired postural control [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] ; this has also been shown in individuals at risk for psychosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Postural Sway Abnormalities in Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Apthorp

Bolbecker

Bartolomeo

et al. 2018

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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Motor abnormalities are among the most robust findings in schizophrenia, and increasing evidence suggests they are a core feature of the disorder. Postural sway during balance tasks is a highly sensitive probe of sensorimotor systems including the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortices. Postural sway deficits are present in schizophrenia as well as groups at high risk for psychosis, suggesting altered postural control may be sensitive to the pathophysiological processes associated with risk and expression of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This study examined postural sway performance in schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). Individuals with SPD have attenuated psychotic symptoms and share genetic risk with schizophrenia but are usually free from antipsychotic medication and other illness confounds, making SPD useful for assessing candidate biomarkers. We measured postural sway using force plates in 27 individuals with SPD, 27 carefully matched controls, and 27 matched patients with schizophrenia. It was predicted that postural sway in the SPD group would fall intermediate to schizophrenia and controls. In all conditions (eyes open and closed, with feet together or apart), the SPD group swayed significantly more than the controls, as measured by path length and sway area. Moreover, the magnitude of the sway deficit was comparable in the SPD and schizophrenia groups. These findings suggest that postural sway measures may represent a sensorimotor biomarker of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postural Sway Abnormalities in Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Apthorp

Bolbecker

Bartolomeo

et al. 2018

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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“…These findings highlight the specificity of the orbitofrontal cortex in understanding the schizotypy–antisocial behavior relationship. A link between Schizoid PD and Schizotypal PD was suggested by Via et al [ 47 ]. According to them, persons with Schizoid PD–Schizotypal PD have greater bilateral white matter volume in the superior part of the corona radiata, close to motor/premotor regions, compared to healthy controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Schizoid and Schizotypal Personality disorder with violent crimes and homicides in Greek prisons

et al. 2018

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BackgroundPersonality disorders (PDs) have been associated with both violent crimes and homicides in many studies. The proportion of PDs among prisoners reaches up to 80%. For male prisoners, the most common PD in the literature is antisocial PD. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PDs and violent crimes/homicides of male prisoners in Greece.MethodsA sample of 308 subjects was randomly selected from a population of 1300 male prisoners incarcerated in two Greek prisons, one urban and one rural. The presence of PDs was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4). Using logistic regression models PD types and PD “Clusters” (independent variables) were associated with “violent/non-violent crimes” and “homicides/non homicides” (dependent variables).Results“Cluster A” PDs (Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal) were diagnosed in 16.2%, “Cluster B” (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic) in 66.9% and “Cluster C” (Obsessive–Compulsive, Dependent, Avoidant) in 2.9% of the studied population. Violent crimes and homicides were found significantly associated with “Cluster A” PDs (p = 0.022, p = 0.020). The odds ratio of committing violent crimes was 2.86 times higher for patients with “Cluster A” PDs than the ones without PDs. In addition, the odds ratio of committing homicides was 4.25 times higher for patients with “Cluster A” PDs. In separate analyses, the commitment of violent crimes as well as homicides, was significantly associated with Schizoid (p = 0.043, p = 0.020) and Schizotypal PD (p = 0.017, p = 0.030).ConclusionsThe majority of prisoners was found to suffer from a PD, mainly the Antisocial “Cluster B”, but the commitment of violent crimes and homicides was significantly associated only with “Cluster A” PDs and specifically with Schizoid and Schizotypal PD.

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“…Along this biochemical biomarkers, imaging studies in schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders have found greater volume loss in the superior part of the corona radiata [ 117 ] as well as smaller neocortical grey matter volumes with larger sulcal CSF relative volumes [ 118 ], as a potential further biomarker of psychotic trails in schizotypal individuals compared to healthy controls. As in the case of the mentioned biochemical biomarkers, further studies are needed with regard to imaging biomarkers as well.…”

Section: Pathophysiology and Potential Biomarkers Of Psychosis In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease: Emphasizing Clinical Subtypes and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Condition

Taddei

Çankaya

Dhaliwal

et al. 2017

Parkinson's Disease

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Investigation into neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) is sparse and current drug development is mainly focused on the motor aspect of PD. The tight association of psychosis with an impaired quality of life in PD, together with an important underreporting of this comorbid condition, contributes to its actual insufficient assessment and management. Furthermore, the withdrawal from access to readily available treatment interventions is unacceptable and has an impact on PD prognosis. Despite its impact, to date no standardized guidelines to the adequate management of PD psychosis are available and they are therefore highly needed. Readily available knowledge on distinct clinical features as well as early biomarkers of psychosis in PD justifies the potential for its timely diagnosis and for early intervention strategies. Also, its specific characterisation opens up the possibility of further understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms giving rise to more targeted therapeutic developments in the nearer future. A literature review on the most recent knowledge with special focus on specific clinical subtypes and pathophysiological mechanisms will not only contribute to an up to date practical approach of this condition for the health care providers, but furthermore open up new ideas for research in the near future.

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Structural alterations of the pyramidal pathway in schizoid and schizotypal cluster A personality disorders

Cited by 11 publications

References 75 publications

Postural Sway Abnormalities in Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Postural Sway Abnormalities in Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Association of Schizoid and Schizotypal Personality disorder with violent crimes and homicides in Greek prisons

Management of Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease: Emphasizing Clinical Subtypes and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Condition

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