Structural analyses of Şaphane relay ramps and fault linkage evolution in active extensional regime, western Turkey

Abstract

In the system, there are a number of extensional features such as normal faults, listric faults, growth faults, relay ramps, and horst and graben systems (Koçyiğit et al., 2000;Bozkurt, 2001). Although relay structures can be formed in different tectonic regimes, most of the examples given in the literature have been identified in extensional systems.The term "relay ramp" was first used by Goguel (1952) to define "relais des failles" or relay structures. Although Gibbs (1984) used the term "transfer fault" to describe the link between 2 adjacent normal faults, he did not mention the term "relay ramp" specifically. Moreover, some other authors clarified transfer zones having the same deformation pattern of relay ramps that have been created by transfer faults (Chadwick, 1986;Morley et al., 1990;Peacock et al., 2000). Relay ramps and their formation stages in extensional systems are defined in the literature by different authors in different areas (

Field evidence for normal fault linkage and relay ramp evolution: the Kırkağaç Fault Zone, western Anatolia (Turkey)

“…These include the basin and range province (e.g. Crone & Haller, 1991;Dawers & Anders, 1995;dePolo, Clark, Slemmons, & Ramelli, 1991;Machette, Personius, Nelson, Schwartz, & Lund, 1991), the East African Rift system (Griffiths, 1980;Morley et al, 1990), Greece (Flotte, Plagnes, Sorel, & Benedicto, 2001;Hemelsdael & Ford, 2016;Jackson et al, 1982;Roberts & Jackson, 1991;Stewart & Hancock, 1991) and western Anatolia (Çiftçi & Bozkurt, 2007;Gürboğa, 2014). Hence, for gaining insight into the evolution of relay ramps, three types of modelling studies have been conducted (Figure 1): analogue (e.g.…”