Structural Changes of Organs and Tissues Under Conditions of Dehydration Disorders of Water-Salt Exchange

Abstract

Most processes in the body take place with the participation of water. It is an indispensable component of living organisms. Any violations of the water- electrolyte balance have consequences for the structural organization of all organs and tissues. Studying changes in the structural organization of organs and tissues during dehydration is an urgent task of both theoretical and practical medicine. The aim was to analyze and generalize data from modern scientifi c literature on structural changes in organs and tissues during dehydration. Water is involved in maintaining a normal body temperature, in the absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract, in the excretion of harmful substances and toxins with urine and sweat, and in many other processes. According to the classifi cation, intracellular (hyperosmolar dehydration), extracellular (isosomolar), extracellular (hypoosmolar dehydration), and general dehydration are distinguished. There is evidence in modern scientifi c literature that dehydration leads to structural changes in the thyroid gland, stomach, tongue, kidneys, adrenal gland, salivary glands, larynx, brain and many others. Dehydration disrupts the process of bone tissue regeneration. Dehydration is associated with progression of infarct volume and decreased cerebral blood fl ow during the acute stage of ischemic stroke. Recurrent dehydration associated with chronic intermittent fluid intake accelerates the progression of chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Therefore, under the conditions of dehydration of the body, all the studied organs and tissues undergo changes, their severity depends on the degree of dehydration, species, environmental conditions and regime. At this time, there are no data on changes in the lymphoid organs, in particular the thymus and the spleen, under conditions of dehydration.